Fig. 3: Simulated impact of summertime atmospheric processes on Arctic Ocean temperature in the wind-nudging experiments.
From: Recent upper Arctic Ocean warming expedited by summertime atmospheric processes
a SON Arctic Ocean domain-average upper (0–50 m average) ocean temperature (°C) in the five wind-nudging experiments (gray line) from 1979 to 2018, CESM–LEN 40 members average (green line), and ORAS5 reanalysis (blue line) from 1979 to 2018. The red line represents the ensemble average of the five wind-nudging experiments. The green shading represents the one standard deviation spread of the all CESM-LEN 40 members away from the ensemble mean. b Correlations of monthly domain-average solar shortwave heat flux absorbed in the ocean boundary layer with monthly domain-average net heat flux (Qnet) at the surface for any pair of 2 months for the period 1979–2018 from the ensemble average of the five wind-nudging experiments. Linear trend (°C per decade) of upper ocean temperature from the ORAS5 reanalysis in c, and from the ensemble average of the five wind-nudging experiments in d for the period 1979–2018. e, f The same as c, d, but for the period 2000–2018. g Monthly cross-section of the linear trend (°C per decade) of domain-average ocean temperature over 0–150 m depth for the period 1979–2018 from the ensemble average of the five wind-nudging experiments. h Correlation of JJA domain-average tropospheric air temperature with domain-average ocean temperature, for each month (the last 3 months: Jan–Feb–Mar are the months in the next year) and depth (from 0 to 150 m) for the period 1979–2018 from the ensemble average of the five wind-nudging experiments. All linear trends are removed in calculating the correlations in b, h. Black stippling in all plots indicates statistically significant correlations or trends at the 95% confidence level.
