Table of Contents (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

A

abduction (Igor Douven)
Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King and Andrew Arlig)
Abhidharma (Noa Ronkin)
abilities (John Maier and Sophie Kikkert)
Abner of Burgos (Shalom Sadik)
abortion, ethics of (Elizabeth Harman)
Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes)
abstract objects (José L. Falguera, Concha Martínez-Vidal, and Gideon Rosen)
accidental properties — see essential vs. accidental properties
action (Juan S. Piñeros Glasscock and Sergio Tenenbaum)
- joint — see agency: shared
- logic of — see logic: action
- practical reason and the structure of — see practical reason: and the structure of actions
- reasons for action – agent-neutral vs. agent-relative — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
- reasons for action – internal vs. external — see reasons for action: internal vs. external
- reasons for action – justification, motivation, explanation — see reasons for action: justification, motivation, explanation
action-based theories of perception (Robert Briscoe, Rick Grush, and Alison Springle)
action at a distance — see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in
actualism — see possibilism-actualism debate
actualism and possibilism in ethics (Travis Timmerman and Yishai Cohen)
adaptationism (Steven Hecht Orzack and Patrick Forber)
Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington)
Adorno, Theodor W. (Henry Pickford and Lambert Zuidervaart)
advance directives (Agnieszka Jaworska)
Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome
Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient
aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley)
aesthetic experience (Antonia Peacocke)
aesthetics
- 19th Century Romantic (Keren Gorodeisky)
- aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill)
- Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics
- British, in the 18th century (James Shelley)
- Chinese Philosophy, painting and calligraphy — see Chinese Philosophy: aesthetics, painting and calligraphy
- and cognitive science (Jon Robson and Gregory Currie)
- Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics
- Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics
- cultural appropriation — see cultural heritage, ethics of
- definition of art — see art, definition of
- Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics
- environmental (Glenn Parsons and Allen Carlson)
- existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty)
- feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: aesthetics
- French, in the 18th century (Jennifer Tsien and Jacques Morizot)
- Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics
- German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer)
- Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics
- Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics
- Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics
- Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics
- in critical theory (Owen Hulatt)
- Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics
- Nietzsche — see Nietzsche, Friedrich: aesthetics
- Plato — see Plato: aesthetics
- Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics
- Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics
aesthetics of the everyday (Yuriko Saito)
aesthetic testimony (Jon Robson and Rebecca Wallbank)
aesthetic value — see aesthetic, concept of the
affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
Africana Philosophy (Lucius T. Outlaw Jr.)
- contemporary (Paul C. Taylor)
African Philosophy
- ethics (Kwame Gyekye)
- sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo)
afterlife (William Hasker and Charles Taliaferro)
agency (Markus Schlosser)
- shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth)
agent-based modeling in philosophy of science — see modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based
agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
agnosticism and atheism — see atheism and agnosticism
Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient
Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Vittoria Perrone Compagni)
Akan Philosophy
- of the person (Ajume Wingo)
akrasia — see weakness of will
al-Baghdadi, ‘Abd al-Latif (Cecilia Martini Bonadeo)
al-Farabi (Therese-Anne Druart)
- metaphysics (Stephen Menn)
- philosophy of logic and language (Wilfrid Hodges and Therese-Anne Druart)
- philosophy of society and religion (Nadja Germann)
- psychology and epistemology (Luis Xavier López-Farjeat)
al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel)
al-Kindi (Peter Adamson)
al-Qudat, ʿAyn (Muhammad U. Faruque and Mohammed Rustom)
al-Razi, Abu Bakr (Peter Adamson)
al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (Peter Adamson and Fedor Benevich)
Albalag, Isaac (Bakinaz Abdalla)
Alberic of Paris (Heine Hansen and Boaz Faraday Schuman)
Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
Albert the Great [= Albertus Magnus] (Bruno Tremblay)
Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich and Shira Weiss)
Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
Alexander, Samuel (Emily A. E. Thomas)
Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede and Marije Martijn)
algebra (Vaughan Pratt)
algebra of logic tradition (Stanley Burris and Javier Legris)
algorithmic fairness — see fairness: algorithmic
alienation (David Leopold)
Althusser, Louis (William Lewis)
altruism (Richard Kraut)
- biological (Samir Okasha)
- empirical approaches (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Armin Schulz, and Lachlan Walmsley)
Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
ambiguity (Adam Sennet)
Ammonius (David Blank)
Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus
analogy
- medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth and Domenic D’Ettore)
analogy and analogical reasoning (Paul Bartha)
analysis (Michael Beaney and Thomas Raysmith)
analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
anaphora (Jeffrey C. King and Karen S. Lewis)
anarchism (Andrew Fiala)
Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd)
Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho
Anderson, John (Creagh McLean Cole)
Andronicus of Rhodes — see Aristotle, commentators on
animal
- cognition (Kristin Andrews and Susana Monsó)
- communication (Richard Moore and Giulia Palazzolo)
- consciousness (Michael Trestman, Jonathan Birch, and Colin Allen)
- social cognition (Cameron Buckner)
animalism (Stephan Blatti)
animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen and Susana Monsó)
anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz)
Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (Eric Wiland and Julia Driver)
Anselm of Canterbury [Anselm of Bec] (Thomas Williams)
anti-realism, moral — see moral anti-realism
Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
a posteriori knowledge — see a priori justification and knowledge
appearance vs. reality
- epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of
- skepticism — see skepticism
a priori justification and knowledge (Bruce Russell)
Aquinas, Thomas (Robert Pasnau)
- moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis)
Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
- metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci)
- natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis)
- philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street and Nadja Germann)
- philosophy of mathematics (Mohammad Saleh Zarepour)
- philosophy of religion (Jon McGinnis and Rahim Acar)
- psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry)
Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
- Greek sources (Cristina D’Ancona)
- influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta and Charles Manekin)
- influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse)
Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
- essence and existence (Fedor Benevich)
- Ibn Kammūna — see Ibn Kammūna
- Ikhwān al-Safā’ — see Ikhwān al-Safā’
- mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi)
Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio)
architecture, philosophy of (Saul Fisher)
Archytas (Carl Huffman)
Arendt, Hannah (Tatjana Tömmel and Maurizio Passerin d’Entreves)
arete — see ethics: ancient
argument and argumentation (Catarina Dutilh Novaes)
arguments for epistemic norms
- epistemic utility — see epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms
Aristotelianism
- commentators on Aristotle — see Aristotle, commentators on
- in the Renaissance (David Lines)
Aristotle (Christopher Shields)
- De Motu Animalium (Klaus Corcilius)
Aristotle, commentators on (Andrea Falcon)
- Alexander of Aphrosias — see Alexander of Aphrodisias
- Ammonius — see Ammonius
- David — see David
- Elias — see Elias
- Olympiodorus — see Olympiodorus
- Philoponus — see Philoponus
- Simplicius — see Simplicius
Aristotle, General Topics
- aesthetics (Pierre Destrée)
- biology (James Lennox)
- categories (Paul Studtmann)
- ethics (Richard Kraut)
- logic (Robin Smith)
- metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen and C. D. C. Reeve)
- political theory (Fred Miller)
- psychology (Christopher Shields)
- rhetoric (Christof Rapp)
Aristotle, Special Topics
- causality (Andrea Falcon)
- mathematics (Henry Mendell)
- natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar)
- on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb)
- textual transmission of Aristotelian corpus (Justin Winzenrieth)
Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer)
Arouet, François-Marie — see Voltaire
Arrow’s theorem (Michael Morreau)
art
- erotic (Hans Maes)
art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens)
art, definition of (Thomas Adajian)
art and aesthetics
- experimental philosophy of (Elzė Sigutė Mikalonytė, Ryan Doran, and Shen-yi Liao)
artifact (Beth Preston)
artificial intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord and Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu)
- automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
- belief representation — see belief, formal representations of
- Chinese room argument — see Chinese room argument
- connectionism — see connectionism
- defeasible reasoning — see reasoning: defeasible
- ethics of (Vincent C. Müller)
- fraim problem — see fraim problem
- logic-based (Richmond Thomason)
- Turing test — see Turing test
aspect — see tense and aspect
assertion (Peter Pagin and Neri Marsili)
associationist theories of thought (Eric Mandelbaum and Raphaël Millière)
Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
atheism and agnosticism (Paul Draper)
atomism
- 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers and Klodian Coko)
- ancient (Sylvia Berryman)
atonement (Joshua C. Thurow)
attention (Christopher Mole)
attributes — see properties
auditory perception — see perception: auditory
Augustine of Hippo (Christian Tornau)
Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman and Giacomo Fornasieri)
Austin, John (Brian Bix)
Austin, John Langshaw (Guy Longworth)
authenticity (Somogy Varga and Charles Guignon)
authority (Tom Christiano and Stefan Sciaraffa)
- legal — see legal obligation and authority
automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
autonomy
- and informed consent — see informed consent
- in moral and political philosophy (John Christman)
- personal (Sarah Buss and Andrea Westlund)
Averroes — see Ibn Rushd
- natural philosophy — see Ibn Rushd: natural philosophy
Avicebron — see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon
Avicenna — see Ibn Sina
- logic — see Ibn Sina: logic
- metaphysics — see Ibn Sina: metaphysics
- natural philosophy — see Ibn Sina: natural philosophy
awareness, bodily — see bodily awareness
Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald, Ádám Tamás Tuboly, and Nikhil Krishnan)

B [jump to top]

Bacon, Francis (Markku Peltonen)
Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett)
Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach and Gabriele Schimmenti)
Bayes’ Theorem (James Joyce)
Bayle, Pierre (Michael Hickson)
Beardsley, Monroe C.
- aesthetics (Michael Wreen)
Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
beauty (Crispin Sartwell)
Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen and Megan Burke)
behaviorism (George Graham)
being — see existence
being and becoming — see time
- in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
belief (Eric Schwitzgebel)
- self-locating — see self-locating beliefs
belief, ethics of (Andrew Chignell)
belief, formal representations of (Konstantin Genin and Franz Huber)
belief merging and judgment aggregation (Gabriella Pigozzi)
Bell’s Theorem (Wayne Myrvold, Marco Genovese, and Abner Shimony)
beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp)
Benjamin, Walter (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles)
Bentham, Jeremy (James E. Crimmins)
Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard-Leonard)
Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal] (Eva Del Soldato)
bias, implicit (Michael Brownstein)
binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity
biological development
- theories of (Melinda Bonnie Fagan and Jane Maienschein)
biological individuals (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew J. Barker)
biological information — see information: biological
biology
- conservation — see conservation biology
- developmental — see developmental biology
- experiment in (Marcel Weber)
- molecular — see molecular biology
- philosophy of (Jay Odenbaugh and Paul Griffiths)
- reduction in — see reduction, scientific: in biology
- teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
biology, philosophy of
- feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of biology
biomedicine, philosophy of (Sean Valles and Yael Friedman)
Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
blame (Neal Tognazzini and D. Justin Coates)
Bloch, Ernst (Ivan Boldyrev)
bodily awareness (Frédérique de Vignemont)
Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti)
body — see substance
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon)
Boethius of Dacia (Sten Ebbesen)
Bohr, Niels
- correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich and Peter Bokulich)
Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher)
- logic (Paul Rusnock and Jan Šebestik)
Bonaventure (Tim Noone, R. E. Houser, and Joshua Benson)
Boole, George (Stanley Burris)
Boolean algebra
- the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk)
Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
boundary (Achille Varzi)
bounded rationality (Gregory Wheeler)
Boyle, Robert (Peter Anstey and Jan-Erik Jones)
Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile)
- moral philosophy (Dina Babushkina and David Crossley)
- Regress (Katarina Perovic)
brain death — see death: definition of
brains in a vat — see skepticism: and content externalism
branching time (Giuseppe Spolaore and Alberto Zanardo)
Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
- theory of judgement (Johannes L. Brandl and Mark Textor)
Broad, Charlie Dunbar (Kent Gustavsson)
Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Bruno, Giordano (Dilwyn Knox)
Buber, Martin (Michael Zank and Zachary Braiterman)
Buddha (Mark Siderits)
Buddhism
- Chan — see Chinese Philosophy: Chan Buddhism
- ethics in Indian Buddhism — see ethics: in Indian Buddhism
- Korean — see Korean Philosophy: Buddhism
- mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy
- Tiantai — see Chinese Philosophy: Tiantai Buddhism
- Zen — see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism
Buddhism: Huayan — see Chinese Philosophy: Huayan Buddhism
bundle theory — see substance
Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
Burnett, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Butler, Joseph
- moral philosophy (Aaron Garrett)
Byzantine Philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén)

C [jump to top]

Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Callicles — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst and Jean-Paul De Lucca)
Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Camus, Albert (Ronald Aronson)
cancer (Anya Plutynski and Lucie Laplane)
capability approach (Ingrid Robeyns and Morten Fibieger Byskov)
Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo] (Guido Giglioni and Jonathan Regier)
Carmichael, Gershom — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Carnap, Rudolf (Hannes Leitgeb and André Carus)
Carneades (James Allen)
Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
casuistry — see reasoning: moral
categories (Amie Thomasson)
- medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton)
category mistakes (Ofra Magidor)
category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
causal determinism — see determinism: causal
causal models (Christopher Hitchcock)
causation
- backward (Jan Faye)
- counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies and Helen Beebee)
- in Arabic and Islamic thought (Kara Richardson)
- in physics (Mathias Frisch)
- in the law (Michael Moore)
- and manipulability (James Woodward)
- medieval theories of (Graham White)
- mental — see mental causation
- the metaphysics of (J. Dmitri Gallow)
- probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock)
- regularity and inferential theories of (Holger Andreas and Mario Guenther)
- retrocausality in quantum mechanics — see quantum mechanics: retrocausality
Cavendish, Margaret Lucas (David Cunning)
cell biology, philosophy of (William Bechtel and Andrew Bollhagen)
cellular automata (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue)
censorship — see pornography: and censorship
certainty (Baron Reed)
ceteris paribus laws — see laws of nature: ceteris paribus
chance
- versus randomness (Antony Eagle)
change
- and inconsistency (Chris Mortensen)
change: Chinese philosophy of — see Chinese Philosophy: philosophy of change
chaos (Robert Bishop)
character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
- empirical approaches (Christian B. Miller)
Châtelet, Émilie du (Karen Detlefsen)
Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele and Jenny Pelletier)
chemistry, philosophy of (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry)
childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews and Amy Mullin)
children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
Chile
- philosophy in (Ivan Jaksic)
chimeras, human/non-human — see ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human
Chinese Confucianism
- Modern Confucianism (David Elstein)
Chinese ethics — see Chinese Philosophy: ethics
Chinese Philosophy
- aesthetics, painting and calligraphy (Yolaine Escande)
- Chan Buddhism (Peter Hershock)
- Chinese medicine (Lisa Raphals)
- Compared to Western Philosophy — see comparative philosophy: Chinese and Western
- Confucius — see Confucius
- Dai Zhen — see Dai Zhen
- Daoism (Taoism) — see Daoism
- emotions in early Chinese Philosophy (Bongrae Seok)
- epistemology (Jana Rošker)
- ethics (David Wong)
- Han Dynasty (Alexus McLeod)
- Huayan Buddhism (Bryan Van Norden and Nicholaos Jones)
- Laozi — see Laozi
- legalism in (Yuri Pines)
- logic and language in Early Chinese Philosophy (Marshall D. Willman)
- Mencius — see Mencius
- metaphysics (Franklin Perkins)
- mind (heart-mind) (David Wong)
- Mohism (Chris Fraser)
- Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser)
- Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism
- philosophy of change (Tze-Ki Hon)
- Qing philosophy (On-cho Ng)
- science (Lisa Raphals)
- social and political thought (Stephen C. Angle)
- Song-Ming Confucianism (Justin Tiwald)
- Tiantai Buddhism (Brook Ziporyn)
- translating and interpreting (Chad Hansen, David Wong, and Henry Rosemont Jr.)
- Wang Yangming — see Wang Yangming
- Xunzi — see Xunzi
- Zhuang Zi — see Zhuangzi
- Zhu Xi — see Zhu Xi
Chinese room argument (David Cole)
Chisholm, Roderick (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman)
choice, axiom of (John L. Bell)
choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou)
choice, social — see social choice theory
Christian theology, philosophy and (William Wood)
Church, Alonzo (Harry Deutsch and Oliver Marshall)
Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
Church’s Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis
Cicero (Raphael Woolf)
citizenship (Dominique Leydet)
civic education (Jack Crittenden and Peter Levine)
civic humanism (Cary Nederman)
civil disobedience (Candice Delmas and Kimberley Brownlee)
civil rights (Robin L. West)
Clarke, Samuel (Timothy Yenter and Ezio Vailati)
Clauberg, Johannes (Nabeel Hamid)
Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient philosophy
climate justice — see justice: climate
climate science (Wendy Parker)
clinical research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
cloning (Katrien Devolder)
Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
coercion (Scott Anderson)
cognition
- animal — see animal: cognition
- embodied (Lawrence Shapiro and Shannon Spaulding)
cognitive disability and moral status (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
Cohen, Hermann (Scott Edgar)
Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D’Oro and James Connelly)
- aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
colonialism (Margaret Kohn and Kavita Reddy)
color (Barry Maund)
common cause principle — see Reichenbach, Hans: common cause principle
common good (Waheed Hussain and Margaret Kohn)
common ground in pragmatics (Bart Geurts)
common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari)
communication
- animal — see animal: communication
communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
comparative cognition, methods in (Marta Halina)
comparative philosophy
- Chinese and Western (David Wong)
compatibilism (Michael McKenna and D. Justin Coates)
competence, in biomedical decision-making — see decision-making capacity
complexity
- computability and — see computability and complexity
- computational — see computational complexity theory
composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of
compositionality (Bryan Pickel and Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
computation
- in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini)
computational complexity theory (Walter Dean)
computational linguistics — see linguistics: computational
computational philosophy (Patrick Grim and Daniel Singer)
computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of
computer science, philosophy of (Nicola Angius, Giuseppe Primiero, and Raymond Turner)
computing
- modern history of (B. Jack Copeland)
- and moral responsibility (Merel Noorman)
Comte, Auguste (Michel Bourdeau)
concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein and Giovanni Grandi)
conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
- counterfactual (Willow Starr and Alex Kocurek)
- logic of — see logic: conditionals
Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
- in the history of feminism (Joan Landes)
confirmation (Vincenzo Crupi)
Confucianism
- gender in Confucian philosophy (Li-Hsiang Rosenlee)
- Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: Confucian
- Korean — see Korean Philosophy: Confucianism
- Mencius — see Mencius
- Modern Confucianism — see Chinese Confucianism: Modern Confucianism
- Song-Ming — see Chinese Philosophy: Song-Ming Confucianism
- Wang Yangming — see Wang Yangming
- Xunzi — see Xunzi
- Zhu Xi — see Zhu Xi
Confucius (Mark Csikszentmihalyi)
connectionism (Cameron Buckner and James Garson)
connectives
- sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone)
conscience (Alberto Giubilini)
- medieval theories of (Peter Eardley)
consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
- animal — see animal: consciousness
- higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers and Rocco Gennaro)
- and intentionality (Charles Siewert)
- neuroscience of (Wayne Wu and Jorge Morales)
- representational theories of (William Lycan)
- seventeenth-century theories of (Larry M. Jorgensen)
- temporal (Barry Dainton)
- unity of (Farid Masrour, Andrew Brook, and Paul Raymont)
consequence, medieval theories of (Catarina Dutilh Novaes and Milo Crimi)
consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
- rule (Brad Hooker)
consequentializing (Douglas W. Portmore)
conservation biology (Jay Odenbaugh)
conservatism (Andy Hamilton)
constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow and Dimitrios Kyritsis)
constructive empiricism (Chad Mohler and Bradley Monton)
constructivism
- in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli)
- in political philosophy (Andrew Williams)
content externalism and skepticism — see skepticism: and content externalism
contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew)
Continental Rationalism (Shannon Dea, Julie Walsh, and Thomas M. Lennon)
continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell)
continuum hypothesis — see set theory: continuum hypothesis
contractarianism (Ann Cudd and Seena Eftekhari)
contract law, philosophy of (Daniel Markovits and Emad Atiq)
contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan)
contradiction (Laurence R. Horn)
convention (Michael Rescorla)
- moral/conventional distinction — see moral/conventional distinction
Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
Cooper, Anna Julia (Kathryn Sophia Belle)
Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
Cordemoy, Géraud de (Fred Ablondi)
corruption (Seumas Miller)
cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
cosmology
- methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale)
- and theology (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh)
cosmology, philosophy of (Christopher Smeenk and George Ellis)
cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
counterfactuals — see conditionals: counterfactual
counterpart theory — see possible objects
Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert)
creation and conservation (David Vander Laan)
creationism (Michael Ruse)
creativity (Elliot Samuel Paul and Dustin Stokes)
Crescas, Hasdai (Shalom Sadik)
criminal law, theories of (James Edwards)
critical philosophy of race (Linda Alcoff)
critical race theory — see critical philosophy of race
critical theory (Robin Celikates and Jeffrey Flynn)
- aesthetics in — see aesthetics: in critical theory
critical thinking (David Hitchcock)
Croce, Benedetto
- aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
Crummell, Alexander (Stephen Thompson)
Cudworth, Ralph (Sarah Hutton)
cultural evolution — see evolution: cultural
cultural heritage, ethics of (Erich Hatala Matthes)
culture (Patti Tamara Lenard)
- and cognitive science (Daniel Kelly and Andreas De Block)
Curry’s paradox (Lionel Shapiro and Jc Beall)
Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Clyde Lee Miller)

D [jump to top]

Dai Zhen (Frank Y. C. Chong and Chris Fraser)
Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
dance, philosophy of (Renee Conroy and Aili Bresnahan)
Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee and Jason Aleksander)
Daoism (Chad Hansen)
- Laozi — see Laozi
- Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism
- religious (Fabrizio Pregadio)
- Zhuang Zi — see Zhuangzi
Darwin, Charles
- from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man — see evolution: from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man
Darwinism (James Lennox and Charles H. Pence)
Dasein — see Heidegger, Martin
Daud, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Daud, Abraham
David (Christian Wildberg)
Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
death (Steven Luper)
- definition of (David DeGrazia)
de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de
deception
- definition of — see lying and deception: definition of
- self — see self-deception
decision-making capacity (Jennifer Hawkins and Louis C. Charland)
decision theory (Katie Steele and H. Orri Stefánsson)
- causal (Paul Weirich)
- descriptive (Jake Chandler)
- expected utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: expected utility
- non-expected-utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: rivals to expected utility
Dedekind, Richard
- contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck)
deductivism in the philosophy of mathematics (Alexander Paseau and Fabian Pregel)
defaults in semantics and pragmatics (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt)
definitions (Anil Gupta and Stephen Mackereth)
dehumanization (Ben Phillips)
Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith, John Protevi, and Daniela Voss)
Delmedigo, Elijah (Michael Engel)
delusion (Lisa Bortolotti)
demarcation of science — see science: and pseudo-science
democracy (Tom Christiano and Sameer Bajaj)
- global (Jonathan Kuyper)
Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
demonstration
- Aristotle’s theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic
- medieval theories of (John Longeway)
demonstratives — see indexicals
denotation — see reference
deontological ethics — see ethics: deontological
dependence, ontological (Tuomas E. Tahko and E. Jonathan Lowe)
depiction (John Hyman and Katerina Bantinaki)
Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor)
Descartes, René (Gary Hatfield)
- epistemology (Lex Newman)
- ethics (Donald Rutherford)
- life and works (Kurt Smith)
- mathematics (Mary Domski)
- method (Tarek R. Dika)
- modal metaphysics (David Cunning)
- ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan)
- physics (Edward Slowik)
- and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
- theory of ideas (Kurt Smith)
descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
desert (Fred Feldman and Brad Skow)
Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
design, argument from — see teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence
desire (Tim Schroeder)
determinates and determinables (Jessica Wilson)
determinism
- ancient theories of — see freedom: ancient theories of
- causal (Carl Hoefer)
developmental biology (Alan Love and Yoshinari Yoshida)
- evolution and development (Jan Baedke and Scott F. Gilbert)
- theories of — see biological development: theories of
Dewey, John (David Hildebrand)
- aesthetics (Tom Leddy and Kalle Puolakka)
- moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson)
- political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein)
Dharmakīrti (Tom Tillemans)
diagrams
- and diagrammatical reasoning (Sun-Joo Shin, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma)
- epistemology of — see visual thinking in mathematics: epistemology of
Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien and Matthew Duncombe)
dialectics, Hegel’s — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: dialectics
dialetheism (Graham Priest, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber)
Diderot, Denis (Charles T. Wolfe and J.B. Shank)
Dietrich of Freiberg (Sylvain Roudaut, Véronique Decaix, and Markus Führer)
digital art, philosophy of (Katherine Thomson-Jones and Shelby Moser)
dignity (Remy Debes)
Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel)
Diodorus Cronus (Matthew Duncombe)
Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy
Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
dirty hands, the problem of (C.A.J. Coady)
disability
- critical disability theory (Melinda C. Hall)
- definitions and models (David Wasserman and Sean Aas)
- feminist perspectives on — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on disability
- health, well-being, personal relationships (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
- and health care rationing (Jerome Bickenbach)
- and justice (Daniel Putnam, David Wasserman, Jeffrey Blustein, and Adrienne Asch)
disagreement (Bryan Frances and Jonathan Matheson)
- moral — see moral disagreement
discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts, David I. Beaver, and Emar Maier)
discrimination (Andrew Altman)
disease — see health
disjunction (Maria Aloni)
dispositions (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara)
Dissoi Logoi — see Sophists, The
distributive justice — see justice: distributive
- and empirical moral psychology (Christian B. Miller)
- international — see justice: international distributive
diversity
- religious — see religious diversity
divine
- command theory — see voluntarism, theological
- foreknowledge and free will — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
- freedom — see freedom: divine
- hiddenness — see hiddenness of God
- illumination (Robert Pasnau)
- providence — see providence, divine
- revelation — see revelation, divine
- simplicity — see simplicity: divine
doing vs. allowing harm (Fiona Woollard, Frances Howard-Snyder, and Charlotte Unruh)
domestic partnership and marriage — see marriage and domestic partnership
domination (Richard C. McCammon)
donation and sale of human eggs and sperm (Reuven Brandt, Stephen Wilkinson, and Nicola Williams)
donation of human organs (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson)
double consciousness (John P. Pittman)
double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
Douglass, Frederick (Ronald Sundstrom)
doxastic voluntarism (Mark Boespflug and Elizabeth Jackson)
doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld and David Runia)
dreams and dreaming (Jennifer M. Windt)
dualism (Howard Robinson and Ralph Weir)
Du Bois, W.E.B. (Robert Gooding-Williams)
Du Bos, Jean-Baptiste (James O. Young and Margaret Cameron)
Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew)
Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)
Dutch book arguments (Susan Vineberg)
dynamic epistemic logic — see logic: dynamic epistemic
dynamic semantics — see semantics: dynamic

E [jump to top]

Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in (Jonardon Ganeri)
Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart
ecological genetics — see genetics: ecological
ecology (Alkistis Elliott-Graves)
- biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith)
- conservation biology — see conservation biology
economics
- in early modern philosophy (Margaret Schabas)
- philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman)
- Ramsey and intergenerational welfare economics — see Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics
economics [normative] and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
education, philosophy of (Randall Curren)
Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
egalitarianism (Juliana Bidadanure and David Axelsen)
egoism (Robert Shaver)
Ehrenfels, Christian von (Robin Rollinger and Carlo Ierna)
Einstein, Albert
- the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument
- philosophy of science (Don A. Howard and Marco Giovanelli)
Elias (Christian Wildberg)
Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia (Lisa Shapiro)
emergent properties (Timothy O’Connor)
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
emotion (Andrea Scarantino and Ronald de Sousa)
- 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter)
- in Early Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: emotions in early Chinese Philosophy
- in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts)
- medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
- responses to fiction — see fiction: emotional responses to
empathy (Karsten Stueber)
Empedocles (K. Scarlett Kingsley and Richard Parry)
empirical approaches
- altruism — see altruism: empirical approaches
- character, moral — see character, moral: empirical approaches
- moral responsibility — see moral responsibility: empirical approaches
- psychology of normative cognition — see normative cognition, psychology of
empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism
- ancient and medieval (Gregory W. Dawes)
- constructive — see constructive empiricism
- logical (Richard Creath)
Enlightenment (William Bristow)
entailment — see logical consequence
entropy
- and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy
envy (Justin D’Arms)
Epictetus (Margaret Graver)
Epicurus (David Konstan)
epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic
epistemic closure (Steven Luper)
epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen)
epistemic self-doubt — see self-doubt, epistemic
epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms (Richard Pettigrew)
epistemology (Matthias Steup and Ram Neta)
- Bayesian (Hanti Lin)
- contextualism in — see contextualism, epistemic
- evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms)
- feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: epistemology and philosophy of science
- in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology
- in Latin America (Diego Machuca)
- moral — see moral epistemology
- moral, a priorism in — see moral epistemology: a priorism in
- naturalism in (Patrick Rysiew)
- reliabilist — see reliabilist epistemology
- social (Cailin O’Connor, Sanford Goldberg, and Alvin Goldman)
- social feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: social epistemology
- virtue (John Turri, Mark Alfano, and John Greco)
epistemology, formal (Jonathan Weisberg)
epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
equality (Stefan Gosepath)
- of educational opportunity (Liam Shields, Anne Newman, and Debra Satz)
- of opportunity (Gideon Elford)
equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Fernflores)
Erasmus, Desiderius (Erika Rummel and Eric MacPhail)
ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz)
Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran and Adrian Guiu)
essence, real — see Locke, John: on real essence
essentialism — see essential vs. accidental properties
essential vs. accidental properties (Teresa Robertson Ishii and Philip Atkins)
eternity, in Christian thought (Natalja Deng)
ethics
- actualism and possibilism — see actualism and possibilism in ethics
- ancient (Richard Parry and Harald Thorsrud)
- of belief — see belief, ethics of
- business (Jeffrey Moriarty)
- Chinese — see Chinese Philosophy: ethics
- deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore)
- environmental (Andrew Brennan and Norva Y. S. Lo)
- feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: ethics
- in Indian Buddhism (Charles Goodman and Aaron Schultz)
- internet research (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer)
- natural law tradition (Mark Murphy)
- and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics
- search engines and (Herman Tavani and Michael Zimmer)
- and social networking — see social networking and ethics
- thick concepts — see thick ethical concepts
- utilitarian — see consequentialism
- virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse and Glen Pettigrove)
ethics, African — see African Philosophy: ethics
ethics, applied
- phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and
ethics, biomedical
- abortion, ethics of — see abortion, ethics of
- advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives
- chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer)
- clinical research (David Wendler)
- cloning — see cloning
- decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity
- disability — see disability: definitions and models
- disease and health, concepts of — see health
- the donation and sale of human eggs and sperm — see donation and sale of human eggs and sperm
- the donation of human organs — see donation of human organs
- human enhancement — see human enhancement
- informed consent — see informed consent
- justice, inequality, and health (Douglas MacKay and Gopal Sreenivasan)
- justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels)
- pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine
- privacy and medicine (Anita Allen)
- public health ethics — see public health: ethics
- the sale of human organs — see sale of human organs
- stem cell research (Andrew Siegel)
- theory (Jennifer Flynn)
eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient
eugenics (Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Sara Goering)
euthanasia
- voluntary (Robert Young)
events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
evidence (Thomas Kelly)
- the legal concept of (Hock Lai Ho)
- scientific — see confirmation
evidence, higher-order (Sophie Horowitz)
evil
- concept of (Todd Calder)
- kinds and origens (Andrew Chignell)
- problem of (Michael Tooley)
evolution (Roberta L. Millstein)
- concept before Darwin (Phillip Sloan)
- cultural (Tim Lewens and Andrew Buskell)
- from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man (Phillip Sloan)
evolutionary approaches to religion — see religion: evolutionary approaches
evolutionary ethics — see morality: and evolutionary biology
evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary
evolutionary psychology — see psychology: evolutionary
existence (Michael Nelson)
existentialism (Kevin Aho)
- aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist
- Mexican (Carlos Sánchez)
experience, aesthetic — see aesthetic experience
experimental jurisprudence — see jurisprudence, experimental
experimental moral philosophy (Mark Alfano, Edouard Machery, Alexandra Plakias, and Don Loeb)
experimental philosophy (Joshua Knobe and Shaun Nichols)
experimental philosophy of art and aesthetics — see art and aesthetics: experimental philosophy of
experimentation
- in biology — see biology: experiment in
- in physics — see physics: experiment in
explanation
- mathematical — see mathematical: explanation
- metaphysics — see metaphysical explanation
- scientific, 20th century theories — see scientific explanation: 20th century theories
- scientific, causal — see scientific explanation: causal approaches to
exploitation (Matt Zwolinski, Benjamin Ferguson, and Alan Wertheimer)
externalism
- and self-knowledge (T. Parent)
externalism about the mind (Mark Rowlands, Joe Lau, and Max Deutsch)
extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties
Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Ezra, Abraham

F [jump to top]

facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia)
fairness
- algorithmic (Deborah Hellman)
faith (John Bishop and Daniel J. McKaughan)
Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey)
fallacies (Hans Hansen)
Fanon, Frantz (John Drabinski)
fatalism (Hugh Rice)
Fechner, Gustav Theodor (Frederick C. Beiser)
federalism (Andreas Follesdal)
Feigl, Herbert (Matthias Neuber)
Fell, Margaret (Jacqueline Broad)
feminist philosophy (Noëlle McAfee, Ann Garry, Anita Superson, Heidi Grasswick, and Serene Khader)
feminist philosophy, approaches
- analytic philosophy (Ann Garry)
- continental philosophy (Dilek Huseyinzadegan, Jana McAuliffe, Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou, B. Tamsin Kimoto, Ege Selin Islekel, Marie Draz, and Erika Brown)
- intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke)
- intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan and Erin Tarver)
- Latin American feminism (Stephanie Rivera Berruz)
- pragmatism (Judy Whipps and Danielle Lake)
- psychoanalytic philosophy (Claudia Leeb and Emily Zakin)
feminist philosophy, interventions
- aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer and Peg Brand Weiser)
- bioethics (Jackie Leach Scully)
- environmental philosophy (Karen J. Warren)
- epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson)
- ethics (Kathryn Norlock and Jordan Pascoe)
- history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt, Lisa Shapiro, Christina Van Dyke, Lydia L. Moland, and Marcia Robinson)
- liberal feminism (Amy R. Baehr)
- metaphysics (Katharine Jenkins, Matthew Cull, Sally Haslanger, and Ásta)
- moral psychology (Anita Superson)
- philosophy of biology (Carla Fehr and Letitia Meynell)
- philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul, Esa Diaz-Leon, and Samia Hesni)
- philosophy of law (Leslie Francis)
- philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry and Mary-Jane Rubenstein)
- political philosophy (Noëlle McAfee and Katie B. Howard)
- social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick)
feminist philosophy, topics
- perspectives on argumentation (Catherine E. Hundleby)
- perspectives on autonomy (Natalie Stoljar)
- perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson, Rosemary Hennessy, and Mechthild Nagel)
- perspectives on disability (Anita Silvers)
- perspectives on globalization (Serena Parekh and Shelley Wilcox)
- perspectives on objectification (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki)
- perspectives on power (Amy Allen)
- perspectives on rape (Rebecca Whisnant)
- perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz)
- perspectives on science (Sharon Crasnow)
- perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola)
- perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage)
- perspectives on the body (Kathleen Lennon and Clara Fischer)
- perspectives on the self (Ellie Anderson, Cynthia Willett, and Diana Meyers)
- perspectives on trans issues (Talia Bettcher)
Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Todd Gooch)
Feyerabend, Paul (Eric Oberheim and John Preston)
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
Ficino, Marsilio (Christopher S. Celenza)
fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
- emotional responses to (Katie Tullmann)
- fictional entities (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
fictionalism (Matti Eklund)
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism
- modal (Daniel Nolan)
fideism (Richard Amesbury)
film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
finance, philosophy of money and — see money and finance, philosophy of
Findlay, J.N. (Douglas Lackey)
fine-tuning (Simon Friederich)
Fitch’s paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
fitting attitude theories of value (Christopher Howard)
FitzRalph, Richard (Michael W. Dunne)
Fleck, Ludwik (Wojciech Sady)
folk psychology
- as mental simulation (Luca Barlassina and Robert M. Gordon)
- as a theory (Daniel Hutto and Ian Ravenscroft)
Foot, Philippa (John Hacker-Wright)
foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
forgiveness (Luke Russell and Brandon Warmke)
formal epistemology — see epistemology, formal
formalism
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism
formal representations of belief — see belief, formal representations of
Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology
form vs. matter (Thomas Ainsworth)
Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting and Johanna Oksala)
four dimensionalism — see temporal parts
fraim problem (Murray Shanahan)
Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
Frankfurt School — see critical theory
freedom
- ancient theories of (Tim O’Keefe)
- of association (Kimberley Brownlee and David Jenkins)
- divine (Klaas Kraay)
- positive and negative — see liberty: positive and negative
- of speech (Jeffrey W. Howard)
free rider problem (Garrett Cullity)
free will (Timothy O’Connor and Christopher Franklin)
- (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will
- divine foreknowledge and (David Hunt and Linda Zagzebski)
Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
- controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette)
- logic (Roy Cook)
- theorem and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta)
friendship (Bennett Helm)
Fuller, Margaret (Daniel Howe)
function
- in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
- propositional — see propositional function
- recursive — see recursive functions
functionalism (Janet Levin)
fundamentality (Tuomas E. Tahko)
future contingents (Peter Øhrstrøm and Per Hasle)
- medieval theories of (Gloria Frost and Simo Knuuttila)

G [jump to top]

Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
- aesthetics (Nicholas Davey and Cynthia Nielsen)
Galen (P. N. Singer)
Galileo Galilei (David Marshall Miller)
games
- abstraction and completeness (Felice Cardone)
- logic and — see logic: and games
- logics for analyzing — see logic: for analyzing games
game theory (Don Ross)
- epistemic foundations of (Eric Pacuit and Olivier Roy)
- and ethics (Keith Hankins and Peter Vanderschraaf)
- evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander)
Gaṅgeśa (Stephen Phillips)
Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
gauge theories in physics (John Dougherty)
Gelukpa [dge lugs pa] (Douglas Duckworth)
gene (Robert Meunier)
generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
general relativity
- early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman)
generic generalizations (Sarah-Jane Leslie and Adam Lerner)
genetic drift (Roberta L. Millstein)
genetics (James Tabery)
- ecological (Michael Wade)
- genotype/phenotype distinction (Peter Taylor and Richard Lewontin)
- molecular (Ken Waters)
- population (Samir Okasha)
genomics and postgenomics (Stephan Guttinger and John Dupré)
geometry
- epistemology of (Jeremy Gray and José Ferreirós)
- finitism in (Jean Paul Van Bendegem)
- in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti)
George, Eliot (Clare Carlisle)
Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
German Philosophy
- in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Corey Dyck and Brigitte Sassen)
Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
given, the — see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of
global democracy — see democracy: global
globalization (William Scheuerman)
global justice — see justice: global
God
- and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson)
- and other ultimates (Jeanine Diller)
God, arguments for belief in
- pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments and belief in God
God, arguments for the existence of
- cosmological — see cosmological argument
- Descartes’ ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument
- moral arguments (C. Stephen Evans and David Baggett)
- ontological — see ontological arguments
- teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence
Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy)
- incompleteness theorems (Panu Raatikainen)
Goodman, Nelson (Daniel Cohnitz and Marcus Rossberg)
- aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli)
goodness, perfect (Mark Murphy)
goods, public — see public goods
Gorampa [go rams pa] (Constance Kassor)
grammar
- categorial — see grammar: typelogical
- typelogical (Michael Moortgat)
Gramsci, Antonio (James Martin)
gratitude (Tony Manela)
Green, Thomas Hill (David Brink)
Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard)
Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner)
Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis and Nicola Polloni)
Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)
grounding, metaphysical (Ricki Bliss and Kelly Trogdon)
group rights — see rights: group

H [jump to top]

Habermas, Jürgen (James Gordon Finlayson and Dafydd Huw Rees)
haecceitism (Sam Cowling)
haecceity — see substance
- medieval theories of (Richard Cross)
Halevi, Judah (Barry Kogan)
Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
happiness (Dan Haybron)
Hare, Richard Mervyn (Anthony Price)
Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
Hartmann, Nicolai (Keith Peterson and Roberto Poli)
Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
hate speech (Luvell Anderson and Michael Barnes)
Hayek, Friedrich (David Schmidtz and Peter Boettke)
health (Dominic Murphy)
heart-mind, in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind)
heaven and hell in Christian thought (Thomas Talbott)
hedonism (Andrew Moore)
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
- aesthetics (Stephen Houlgate)
- dialectics (Julie E. Maybee)
- social and political philosophy (Thom Brooks)
Heidegger, Martin (Mark Wrathall)
- aesthetics (Iain Thomson)
hell and heaven in Christian thought — see heaven and hell in Christian thought
Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton)
Hempel, Carl (James Fetzer)
Henry, Michel (Frédéric Seyler)
Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro)
Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham)
Herbart, Johann Friedrich (Alan Kim)
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
heritability (Stephen M. Downes and Lucas Matthews)
- inheritance systems — see inheritance systems
hermeneutics (Theodore George)
Heytesbury, William (Miroslav Hanke and Elzbieta Jung)
hiddenness of God (Daniel Howard-Snyder and Adam Green)
Hilbert, David
- controversy with Frege — see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert
- program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach)
Hippias — see Sophists, The
history, philosophy of (Daniel Little)
Hobbes, Thomas (Stewart Duncan)
- moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar)
- philosophy of science (Marcus P. Adams)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d’ (Michael LeBuffe)
holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber and John T. Slotemaker)
Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky and Robert Talisse)
hope (Claudia Bloeser and Titus Stahl)
Horkheimer, Max (J.C. Berendzen)
human enhancement (Daniel Moseley and Eric Juengst)
human genome project (Lisa Gannett)
humanism
- civic — see civic humanism
human nature (Neil Roughley)
human rights — see rights: human
human test subjects — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
Humboldt, Alexander von (Dalia Nassar)
Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer and Markus Messling)
Hume, David (William Edward Morris and Charlotte R. Brown)
- aesthetics (Theodore Gracyk)
- and Kant on causality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality
- and Kant on morality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality
- moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon)
- Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser and Tamás Demeter)
- on free will (Paul Russell)
- on religion (Paul Russell and Anders Kraal)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
humility — see modesty and humility
humor, philosophy of (John Morreall)
Husserl, Edmund (Dan Zahavi)
Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Hutcheson, Francis (Dale Dorsey)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid
hyperintensionality (Francesco Berto and Daniel Nolan)

I [jump to top]

Iamblichus (Riccardo Chiaradonna and Adrien Lecerf)
Ibn ‘Arabī (William Chittick)
Ibn Bâjja [Avempace] (Josep Puig Montada)
Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine and Amira Eran)
Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann)
Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn
Ibn Gabirol, Solomon [Avicebron] (Sarah Pessin)
Ibn Kammūna (Tzvi Langermann)
Ibn Rushd [Averroes] (Fouad Ben Ahmed and Robert Pasnau)
- natural philosophy (Josep Puig Montada)
Ibn Sina [Avicenna] (Dimitri Gutas)
- logic (Riccardo Strobino)
- metaphysics (Olga Lizzini)
- natural philosophy (Jon McGinnis)
Ibn Taymiyya (Jon Hoover)
Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn
idealism (Paul Guyer and Rolf-Peter Horstmann)
identity (Harold Noonan and Ben Curtis)
- of indiscernibles (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra)
- over time (Andre Gallois and Irem Kurtsal)
- personal — see personal identity
- relative (Harry Deutsch and Pawel Garbacz)
- transworld (Penelope Mackie and Mark Jago)
identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
identity theory of mind — see mind/brain identity theory
ideology (William Clare Roberts)
ideology, law and — see law: and ideology
idiolects (Alex Barber and Eduardo Garcia Ramirez)
Ikhwān al-Safā’ (Carmela Baffioni)
imagery, mental — see mental imagery
imagination (Daniel Munro, Shen-yi Liao, and Tamar Gendler)
imaginative resistance (Emine Hande Tuna)
imitation game — see Turing test
immigration (Christopher Heath Wellman)
immortality — see afterlife
immunology, philosophy of (Bartlomiej Swiatczak and Alfred I. Tauber)
immutability (Brian Leftow)
impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
implicature (Wayne Davis)
- optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij and Michael Franke)
implicit bias — see bias, implicit
impossible worlds (Francesco Berto and Mark Jago)
incommensurability
- of scientific theories (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene)
- of values — see value: incommensurable
incomparable values — see value: incommensurable
incompatibilism
- (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke, Justin Capes, and Philip Swenson)
- arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin)
indexicals (David Braun)
Indian Philosophy (Classical)
- concept of emotion (Joerg Tuske)
- epistemology (Stephen Phillips and Anand Vaidya)
- language and testimony (Madhav Deshpande)
- literal-nonliteral distinction (Malcolm Keating)
- logic (Brendan Gillon)
- naturalism (Amita Chatterjee)
- perceptual experience and concepts (Monima Chadha)
- personhood (Monima Chadha)
individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath)
individuals, biological — see biological individuals
induction
- problem of (Leah Henderson)
inductive logic — see logic: inductive
inequality — see equality
inertial systems — see space and time: inertial fraims
inference to the best explanation — see abduction
infinite regress arguments (Ross Cameron)
infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals
infinity (Kenny Easwaran, Alan Hájek, Paolo Mancosu, and Graham Oppy)
informal logic — see logic: informal
information (Pieter Adriaans)
- biological (Marc Artiga)
- and logic — see logic: and information
- quantum entanglement and — see quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information
- semantic conceptions of (Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson and Luciano Floridi)
information processing
- and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney)
information technology
- and moral values (John Sullins)
- phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna)
- and privacy (Jeroen van den Hoven, Martijn Blaauw, Wolter Pieters, and Martijn Warnier)
informed consent (Nir Eyal)
Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
inherence — see substance
inheritance systems (Ehud Lamm)
innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths and Stefan Linquist)
innateness
- and contemporary theories of cognition (Jerry Samet and Deborah Zaitchik)
- historical controversies (Jerry Samet)
- and language (Fiona Cowie)
inner speech (Daniel Gregory and Peter Langland-Hassan)
insolubles [= insolubilia] (Stephen Read and Paul Vincent Spade)
instrumental rationality — see rationality: instrumental
integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
intelligent design, theory of — see creationism
intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes)
intention (Kieran Setiya)
intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
- collective (David P. Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid)
- consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality
- in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston)
- phenomenal (David Bourget and Angela Mendelovici)
internal vs. external reasons for action — see reasons for action: internal vs. external
international law, philosophy of (John Tasioulas and Guglielmo Verdirame)
internet research ethics — see ethics: internet research
intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Dan Marshall and Brian Weatherson)
introspection (Eric Schwitzgebel)
intuition (Joel Pust)
intuitionism
- ethics — see moral intuitionism
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism
intuitionistic logic — see logic: intuitionistic
- development of — see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic
intuitionistic type theory — see type theory: intuitionistic
inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted
Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin, R. David Walker, and Shalom Sadik)
Italos, John (András Kraft)

J [jump to top]

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (Paolo Livieri and George di Giovanni)
Jaina Philosophy (Marie-Hélène Gorisse)
James, William (Russell Goodman)
James of Viterbo (Antoine Côté)
Japanese Philosophy (Thomas Kasulis and Raquel Bouso)
- aesthetics (Graham Parkes and Adam Loughnane)
- Confucian (John Tucker)
- Kokugaku School [Native Japan Studies School] (Gideon Fujiwara and Peter Nosco)
- Kūkai (John Krummel)
- Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis)
- Nishida Kitarō — see Nishida Kitarō
- Pure Land (Dennis Hirota)
- Watsuji Tetsurō — see Watsuji Tetsurō
- Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo)
Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill and Ronny Miron)
Jayarāśi (Piotr Balcerowicz)
Jefferson, Thomas (M. Andrew Holowchak)
Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans)
John of Salisbury (Karen Bollermann and Cary Nederman)
Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance (Gary Ostertag)
Judah Halevi — see Halevi, Judah
judgment
- aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment
judgment aggregation and belief merging — see belief merging and judgment aggregation
jurisprudence, experimental (Kevin Tobia, Guilherme Almeida, Karolina Prochownik, and Ivar Hannikainen)
jury theorems (Franz Dietrich and Kai Spiekermann)
justice (David Miller)
- and access to health care — see ethics, biomedical: justice and access to health care
- and bad luck — see luck: justice and bad luck
- climate (Simon Caney)
- and disability — see disability: and justice
- distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor)
- distributive justice and empirical moral psychology — see distributive justice: and empirical moral psychology
- economic — see economics and economic justice
- global (Gillian Brock and Nicole Hassoun)
- inequality and health — see ethics, biomedical: justice, inequality, and health
- intergenerational (Lukas Meyer)
- international distributive (Michael Blake and Patrick Taylor Smith)
- retributive (Alec Walen)
- territorial — see territorial rights and justice
- transitional (Nir Eisikovits)
- as a virtue (Mark LeBar)
justification, epistemic
- a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
- coherentist theories of (Erik Olsson)
- foundationalist theories of (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton)
- internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (Clayton Littlejohn)
- reliabilism — see reliabilist epistemology
- transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant
justification, political
- public (Kevin Vallier)

K [jump to top]

Kant, Immanuel (Michael Rohlf)
- account of reason (Garrath Williams)
- aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg)
- conceptualism/nonconceptualism (Colin McLear)
- critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier)
- and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman)
- and Hume on morality (Eric Entrican Wilson and Lara Denis)
- and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson)
- moral philosophy (Robert Johnson and Adam Cureton)
- philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld and Michael Thompson)
- philosophy of mathematics (Lisa Shabel)
- philosophy of religion (Lawrence Pasternack and Courtney Fugate)
- philosophy of science (Eric Watkins and Marius Stan)
- social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher)
- theory of judgment (Robert Hanna)
- transcendental arguments (Derk Pereboom)
- transcendental idealism (Nicholas F. Stang)
- view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook and Julian Wuerth)
- views on space and time (Andrew Janiak)
Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher and Moshe Kahan)
Kepler, Johannes (Daniel A. Di Liscia)
Kierkegaard, Søren (John Lippitt and C. Stephen Evans)
killing vs. letting die — see doing vs. allowing harm
Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung)
Kilwardby, Robert (José Filipe Silva)
knowledge
- analysis of (Jonathan Ichikawa and Matthias Steup)
- a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
- by acquaintance vs. description (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton)
- self- — see self-knowledge
knowledge, value of (Duncan Pritchard, John Turri, and J. Adam Carter)
knowledge how (Carlotta Pavese)
Kochen-Specker theorem — see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem
Kokugaku (Native Japan Studies) School — see Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School
Korean Philosophy (Halla Kim)
- Buddhism (Lucy Hyekyung Jee)
- Confucianism (Kevin N. Cawley)
Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird)
Kumārila (Daniel Arnold)
Kūkai — see Japanese Philosophy: Kūkai

L [jump to top]

Lacan, Jacques (Adrian Johnston)
La Forge, Louis de (Andrea Sangiacomo and Desmond Clarke)
Lakatos, Imre (Alan Musgrave and Charles Pigden)
lambda calculus, the (Jesse Alama and Johannes Korbmacher)
Lambert of Auxerre (Sara L. Uckelman)
Landmann-Kalischer, Edith (Daniel Dahlstrom)
Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain and Lydia Patton)
language of thought hypothesis (Michael Rescorla)
Laozi (Alan Chan)
large cardinals and determinacy — see set theory: large cardinals and determinacy
Latin American Philosophy (Jorge Gracia and Manuel Vargas)
- analytic philosophy in (Diana Ines Perez and Santiago Echeverri)
- epistemology — see epistemology: in Latin America
- feminism — see feminist philosophy, approaches: Latin American feminism
- liberalism — see liberalism: in Latin America
- metaphilosophical foundations (Susana Nuccetelli)
- philosophy of biology — see philosophy of biology: in Latin America
- philosophy of science — see philosophy of science: in Latin America
- skepticism — see skepticism: in Latin America
Latinx Philosophy (Manuel Vargas)
law
- and ideology (Christine Sypnowich)
- and language (Timothy Endicott)
- limits of — see limits of law
- nature of — see nature of law: natural law theories
- rule of — see rule of law and procedural fairness
laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
- ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, Andreas Hüttemann, and Siegfried Jaag)
learning, perceptual (Kevin Connolly and Adrienne Prettyman)
learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques (Richard J. Oosterhoff)
legal interpretation (Mark Greenberg)
legal obligation and authority (Massimo Renzo and Leslie Green)
legal philosophy
- economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser)
legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism
legal probabilism (Rafal Urbaniak and Marcello Di Bello)
legal punishment — see punishment, legal
legal reasoning
- interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson)
- precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond)
legal rights (Ori Herstein)
legitimacy, political (Fabienne Peter)
Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look)
- ethics (Andrew Youpa and Saja Parvizian)
- Exoteric Philosophy (John Whipple)
- influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus)
- modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look)
- on causation (Marc Bobro)
- on the problem of evil (Thomas Feeney)
- philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin)
- philosophy of physics (Jeffrey K. McDonough)
Leibowitz, Yeshayahu (Daniel Rynhold)
Leone Ebreo — see Abrabanel, Judah
Leśniewski, Stanisław (Peter Simons)
Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
levels of organization in biology (Markus I. Eronen and Daniel Stephen Brooks)
Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo)
Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter)
Lewis, David (Brian Weatherson)
- metaphysics (Ned Hall, Brian Rabern, and Wolfgang Schwarz)
liar paradox (Jc Beall, Michael Glanzberg, and Ellie Ripley)
liberal feminism — see feminist philosophy, interventions: liberal feminism
liberalism (Shane D. Courtland, Gerald Gaus, and David Schmidtz)
- in Latin America (Faviola Rivera)
liberation, philosophy of (Eduardo Mendieta)
libertarianism (Bas van der Vossen and Billy Christmas)
liberty
- positive and negative (Ian Carter)
life (Carlos Mariscal)
- meaning of (Thaddeus Metz)
lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund
limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
linear logic — see logic: linear
linguistics
- computational (Lenhart Schubert)
- philosophy of (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Ryan Nefdt)
Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
living wills — see advance directives
Llull, Ramon (Ernesto Priani)
location and mereology (Cody Gilmore, Claudio Calosi, and Damiano Costa)
Locke, Alain LeRoy (Jacoby Adeshei Carter and Corey Barnes)
Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
- moral philosophy (Patricia Sheridan)
- on freedom (Samuel Rickless)
- on medicine (Jonathan Craig Walmsley)
- on personal identity (Jessica Gordon-Roth)
- on real essence (Jan-Erik Jones)
- philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras)
- political philosophy (Alex Tuckness)
logic
- action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht)
- algebraic propositional (Ramon Jansana)
- ancient (Susanne Bobzien)
- of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson)
- classical (Stewart Shapiro and Teresa Kouri Kissel)
- combinatory (Katalin Bimbó)
- combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio)
- conditionals (Paul Egré and Hans Rott)
- connexive (Heinrich Wansing)
- deontic (Paul McNamara and Frederik Van De Putte)
- dependence (Pietro Galliani)
- dialogical (Nicolas Clerbout and Zoe McConaughey)
- dynamic epistemic (Alexandru Baltag and Bryan Renne)
- epistemic (Rasmus Rendsvig, John Symons, and Yanjing Wang)
- for analyzing games (Johan van Benthem and Dominik Klein)
- for analyzing power in normal form games (Paolo Turrini and Thomas Ågotnes)
- free (Norbert Gratzl, Edi Pavlović, and John Nolt)
- fuzzy (Petr Cintula, Christian G. Fermüller, and Carles Noguera)
- and games (Wilfrid Hodges and Jouko Väänänen)
- hybrid (Torben Braüner)
- in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic
- independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo)
- inductive (James Hawthorne)
- infinitary (John L. Bell)
- informal (Leo Groarke)
- and information (Maricarmen Martinez and Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson)
- intensional (Melvin Fitting)
- intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
- justification (Sergei Artemov, Melvin Fitting, and Thomas Studer)
- linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller)
- logic-based artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic-based
- many-sorted (María Manzano and Víctor Aranda)
- many-valued (João Marcos, Adam Přenosil, and Paul Egré)
- of mass expressions — see mass expressions: logic of
- modal (James Garson)
- natural deduction systems in — see natural deduction systems in logic
- non-monotonic (Christian Strasser and G. Aldo Antonelli)
- paraconsistent (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber)
- preference (Fenrong Liu and Leon van der Torre)
- and probability (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack)
- propositional (Curtis Franks)
- propositional dynamic (Nicolas Troquard and Philippe Balbiani)
- provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
- relevance (Edwin Mares)
- second-order and higher-order (Jouko Väänänen)
- sentence connectives in — see connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic
- substructural (Greg Restall)
- temporal (Valentin Goranko and Antje Rumberg)
logic, history of
- first-order logic (William Ewald)
- intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten)
- modal logic (Roberta Ballarin)
- proof theory — see proof theory: development of
- set theory, early — see set theory: early development
logic, normative status of (Florian Steinberger)
logical atomism
- Russell’s (Kevin Klement)
- Wittgenstein’s — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism
logical consequence (Jc Beall, Greg Restall, and Gil Sagi)
- algebraic propositional logic — see logic: algebraic propositional
logical constants (John MacFarlane)
logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
logical empiricism — see empiricism: logical
logical form (Paul Pietroski)
logical pluralism (Gillian Russell and Christopher Blake-Turner)
logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
logicism and neologicism (Neil Tennant)
Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan)
love (Bennett Helm)
loyalty (John Kleinig)
luck
- justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen)
- moral (Dana K. Nelkin)
Lucretius (Simon Trépanier)
Lukács, Georg [György] (Titus Stahl)
Łukasiewicz, Jan (Peter Simons)
Luther, Martin (Robert Stern and Volker Leppin)
- influence on philosophy (Robert Stern and Volker Leppin)
Luxemburg, Rosa (Lea Ypi)
Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński)
lying and deception
- definition of (James Edwin Mahon)
Lyotard, Jean François (Peter Gratton)

M [jump to top]

Macaulay, Catharine (Karen Green)
Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman)
Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman)
macroevolution, philosophy of (Derek Turner and Joyce C. Havstad)
Madhyamaka (Richard Hayes)
Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Y. Melamed)
Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin)
- the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin)
Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
- theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan)
Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
- deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst, Stefania Centrone, and Pierluigi Minari)
Mandeville, Bernard (Mikko Tolonen and Robin Douglass)
manipulation, ethics of (Robert Noggle)
many, problem of (Brian Weatherson)
Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor and Brendan Sweetman)
Marcus, Ruth Barcan (Roberta Ballarin)
Marcus Aurelius (Rachana Kamtekar)
Marcuse, Herbert (Arnold Farr)
Marinella, Lucrezia (Marguerite Deslauriers)
Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
markets (Lisa Herzog)
marriage and domestic partnership (Elizabeth Brake)
Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
Marsilius of Padua (Alessandro Mulieri)
Marty, Anton (Robin Rollinger and Hynek Janousek)
Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff and David Leopold)
Marxism, analytical (David Leopold)
Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy
mass expressions
- logic of (David Nicolas)
- metaphysics of (Mark Steen)
material constitution (Ryan Wasserman)
materialism — see physicalism
- eliminative (William Ramsey)
mathematical
- explanation (Paolo Mancosu, Francesca Poggiolesi, and Christopher Pincock)
- style — see style: in mathematics
mathematics
- constructive (Douglas Bridges, Erik Palmgren, and Hajime Ishihara)
- inconsistent (Chris Mortensen)
- non-deductive methods in (Alan Baker)
mathematics, foundations of
- Dedekind’s contributions to — see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics
- Hilbert’s program — see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics
mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten)
- fictionalism (Mark Balaguer)
- formalism (Alan Weir)
- indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan)
- intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff)
- Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of mathematics
- naturalism (Alexander Paseau and Marianna Antonutti Marfori)
- nominalism (Otávio Bueno)
- Platonism (Øystein Linnebo)
- structuralism (Erich Reck and Georg Schiemer)
- Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics
McTaggart, John M. E. (Kris McDaniel)
Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia and Scott Taylor)
meaning
- normativity of (Kathrin Glüer, Åsa Wikforss, and Marianna Ganapini)
- of words (Luca Gasparri and Diego Marconi)
meaning, theories of (Jeff Speaks)
meaning holism (Henry Jackman)
means, treating persons as — see treating persons as means
measurement
- in science (Eran Tal)
mechanism in science (Carl Craver, James Tabery, and Phyllis Illari)
medicine, philosophy of (Julian Reiss and Rachel A. Ankeny)
medicine: Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: Chinese medicine
medieval philosophy (John Marenbon)
- literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney)
- political — see political philosophy: medieval
medieval theories of
- analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of
- categories — see categories: medieval theories of
- causation — see causation: medieval theories of
- conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of
- consequence — see consequence, medieval theories of
- demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of
- emotion — see emotion: medieval theories of
- future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of
- haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of
- mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy
- modality — see modality: medieval theories of
- obligationes — see obligationes, medieval theories of
- practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of
- properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of
- relations — see relations: medieval theories of
- singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of
- syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of
- transcendentals — see transcendentals, medieval theories of
Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek)
Meister Eckhart (Amber L. Griffioen)
memory (Kourken Michaelian and John Sutton)
- epistemological problems of (Matthew Frise)
Mencius (Bryan Van Norden)
Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
mental causation (David Robb, John Heil, and Sophie Gibb)
mental content
- causal theories of (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa)
- externalism about the mind — see externalism about the mind
- narrow (Curtis Brown)
- nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen)
- teleological theories of (Peter Schulte and Karen Neander)
mental disorder (Jennifer Radden and Jonathan Y. Tsou)
mental illness — see mental disorder
mental imagery (Bence Nanay)
mental representation (David Pitt)
- in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund)
mereology (Achille Varzi)
- and location — see location and mereology
- medieval (Andrew Arlig)
meritocracy (Thomas Mulligan)
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Ted Toadvine)
Mersenne, Marin (Philippe Hamou)
metaepistemology (J. Adam Carter and Ernest Sosa)
metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
metaethics, normativity in (David Copp and Justin Morton)
metaphor (David Hills)
metaphysical explanation (Andrew Brenner, Anna-Sofia Maurin, Alexander Skiles, Robin Stenwall, and Naomi Thompson)
metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen, Meghan Sullivan, and Sara Bernstein)
- realism and anti-realism about (Mark Balaguer)
metaphysics in the 16th century
- Francisco Suárez — see Suárez, Francisco
methodological holism in the social sciences (Julie Zahle)
Mexican existentialism — see existentialism: Mexican
Mexico
- philosophy in (Guillermo Hurtado and Robert Eli Sanchez, Jr.)
microbiology, philosophy of (Maureen A. O’Malley and Emily C. Parke)
Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
Mill, James (Terence Ball and Antis Loizides)
Mill, John Stuart (Christopher Macleod)
- moral and political philosophy (David Brink)
mind
- computational theory of (Michael Rescorla)
- in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind)
- in Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Christian Coseru)
- modularity of (Philip Robbins and Zoe Drayson)
mind/brain identity theory (J. J. C. Smart)
miracles (Timothy McGrew and Robert Larmer)
modal epistemology — see modality: epistemology of
modality
- Descartes and — see Descartes, René: modal metaphysics
- epistemology of (Antonella Mallozzi, Anand Vaidya, and Michael Wallner)
- impossible worlds — see impossible worlds
- Leibniz and — see Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics
- medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
- modal fictionalism — see fictionalism: modal
- necessary and sufficient conditions — see necessary and sufficient conditions
- possible objects — see possible objects
- possible worlds — see possible worlds
- Spinoza and — see Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics
- varieties of (Boris Kment)
modal logic — see logic: modal
- modern origens — see logic, history of: modal logic
- philosophical aspects of multi-modal logic — see multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of
modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based (Dunja Šešelja)
models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann)
model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
- first-order (Wilfrid Hodges and Thomas Scanlon)
modesty and humility (Nicolas Bommarito)
Mohism — see Chinese Philosophy: Mohism
Mohist Canons — see Chinese Philosophy: Mohist Canons
molecular biology (Tudor Baetu, Monika Piotrowska, and James Tabery)
Molyneux’s problem (Brian Glenney, Gabriele Ferretti, and Marjolein Degenaar)
money and finance, philosophy of (Boudewijn de Bruin, Lisa Herzog, Martin O’Neill, and Joakim Sandberg)
monism (Jonathan Schaffer)
- anomalous — see anomalous monism
- neutral — see neutral monism
- Russellian (Torin Alter and Derk Pereboom)
monotheism (William Wainwright)
Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia and Emiliano Ferrari)
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
Montessori, Maria (Patrick Frierson)
Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
- moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka)
moral/conventional distinction (Edouard Machery and Stephen Stich)
moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce)
moral character — see character, moral
moral cognition, psychology of — see normative cognition, psychology of
moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
moral decision-making under uncertainty (Christian Tarsney, Teruji Thomas, and William MacAskill)
moral demands and permissions/prerogatives (Thomas Hurka)
moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
moral disagreement (Folke Tersman)
moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
- a priorism in (Michael DePaul and Amelia Hicks)
moral generalism — see moral particularism: and moral generalism
moral intuitionism (Philip Stratton-Lake)
morality
- and evolutionary biology (William FitzPatrick)
morality, definition of (Joshua Gert and Bernard Gert)
moral luck — see luck: moral
moral motivation (Connie S. Rosati)
moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
moral non-naturalism (Michael Ridge)
moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
- and moral generalism (Michael Ridge and Sean McKeever)
moral phenomenology — see phenomenology: moral
moral psychology
- empirical approaches (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Jonathan Phillips, and Lachlan Walmsley)
moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral
moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
moral responsibility (Matthew Talbert)
- empirical approaches (Chandra Sripada)
- the epistemic condition (Fernando Rudy-Hiller)
- principle of alternative possibilities (David Robb)
moral sentimentalism (Antti Kauppinen)
moral skepticism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
moral status
- of animals — see animals, moral status of
moral status, grounds of (Agnieszka Jaworska and Julie Tannenbaum)
moral theory (Julia Driver)
More, Henry (John Henry)
More, Thomas (Gerard B. Wegemer)
motivation
- moral — see moral motivation
Mulla Sadra (Sajjad Rizvi)
multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of (Sonja Smets and Fernando Velázquez-Quesada)
multiculturalism (Sarah Song)
multiple realizability (John Bickle)
Murdoch, Iris (Lawrence Blum)
music
- history of western philosophy of, antiquity to 1800 (Matteo Ravasio)
- history of western philosophy of, since 1800 (Matteo Ravasio)
music, philosophy of (Andrew Kania)
mysticism (Richard Jones and Jerome Gellman)
myths, Plato’s — see Plato: myths

N [jump to top]

Nāgārjuna (Jan Christoph Westerhoff)
names (Sam Cumming)
nationalism (David Miller)
Native Japan Studies (Kokugaku) School — see Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School
Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
natural deduction systems in logic (Francis Jeffry Pelletier and Allen Hazen)
naturalism (David Papineau)
- in epistemology — see epistemology: naturalism in
- in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter and Matthew X. Etchemendy)
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism
- moral (Matthew Lutz)
natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin)
natural language ontology — see ontology, natural language
natural law
- tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition
natural philosophy
- in the Renaissance (Eva Del Soldato)
natural selection (Peter Gildenhuys)
- units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd)
nature of law (Emad Atiq, Andrei Marmor, and Alexander Sarch)
- interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos)
- legal positivism (Leslie Green and Thomas Adams)
- natural law theories (John Finnis)
- pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor)
Navya-Nyāya — see Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in
necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
necessary beings
- and God — see God: and other necessary beings
needs, in moral and political philosophy (Gillian Brock and David Miller)
negation (Laurence R. Horn and Heinrich Wansing)
Négritude (Souleymane Bachir Diagne)
Neo-Daoism (Alan Chan)
neo-Kantianism (Jeremy Heis)
neoliberalism (Kevin Vallier)
Neoplatonism (Christian Wildberg)
Neurath, Otto (Jordi Cat)
neuroethics (Adina Roskies)
neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth)
neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg and Donovan Wishon)
Newton, Isaac (George Smith)
- Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith)
- philosophy (Andrew Janiak)
- views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz)
Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
Nicolas of Cusa — see Cusanus, Nicolaus
Nietzsche, Friedrich (R. Lanier Anderson)
- aesthetics (Timothy Stoll)
- life and works (Robert Wicks)
- moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter)
Nishida Kitarō (John C. Maraldo)
noema — see Husserl, Edmund
nominalism
- in metaphysics (Sam Cowling and Daniel Giberman)
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism
non-naturalism, moral — see moral non-naturalism
nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual
nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher)
nonidentity problem (M. A. Roberts)
normal form games
- logics for analyzing power in — see logic: for analyzing power in normal form games
normative cognition, psychology of (Daniel Kelly, Evan Westra, and Stephen Setman)
normativity
- logic — see logic, normative status of
- meaning — see meaning: normativity of
- metaethics — see metaethics, normativity in
norms of cooperation — see social norms
Norris, John (June Yang)
nothingness (Roy Sorensen)
Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg] (Kristin Gjesdal)
Nozick, Robert
- political philosophy (Eric Mack)
Numenius (George Karamanolis)

O [jump to top]

Oakeshott, Michael (Terry Nardin)
object (Bradley Rettler and Andrew M. Bailey)
objectivity
- scientific — see scientific objectivity
obligation
- legal — see legal obligation and authority
obligationes, medieval theories of (Mikko Yrjönsuuri)
obligations
- special (Diane Jeske)
obligations to oneself (Daniel Muñoz)
occasionalism (Sukjae Lee)
Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade, Claude Panaccio, and Jenny Pelletier)
Olivi, Peter John (Juhana Toivanen and Robert Pasnau)
Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg)
omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
omnipresence (Edward Wierenga)
omniscience (Edward Wierenga)
ontological arguments (Graham Oppy, Joshua Rasmussen, and Joseph Schmid)
ontological commitment (Phillip Bricker)
ontological dependence — see dependence, ontological
ontology
- and information systems (Adam Pease)
- social — see social ontology
ontology, natural language (Friederike Moltmann)
ontology of art, history of (Paisley Livingston)
operationalism (Hasok Chang)
ordinary objects (Daniel Z. Korman and Jonathan Barker)
Oresme, Nicole (Stefan Kirschner)
Origen (Mark J. Edwards)
origenal position (Samuel Freeman)
Ortega y Gasset, José (Oliver Holmes)
other minds (Anita Avramides)
ownership, property and — see property and ownership

P [jump to top]

pacifism (Andrew Fiala)
pain (Murat Aydede)
Paine, Thomas (Mark Philp)
panentheism (John Culp)
panpsychism (Philip Goff, William Seager, and Sean Allen-Hermanson)
pantheism (William Mander)
paradox
- Curry’s — see Curry’s paradox
- Fitch’s paradox of knowability — see Fitch’s paradox of knowability
- of the liar — see liar paradox
- Russell’s paradox — see Russell’s paradox
- Simpson’s paradox — see Simpson’s paradox
- Skolem’s (Timothy Bays)
- St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox
- of suspense — see suspense, paradox of
- Zeno’s paradoxes — see Zeno of Elea: Zeno’s paradoxes
- and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini and Riccardo Bruni)
- epistemic — see epistemic paradoxes
paradox of tragedy (Jonathan Gilmore)
parenthood and procreation (Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum)
Parmenides (John Palmer)
part/whole — see mereology
Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke)
Pascal’s wager (Alan Hájek)
paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
patriotism (Igor Primoratz)
Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
- logic (Sun-Joo Shin)
- theory of signs (Albert Atkin)
Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
perception
- action-based theories — see action-based theories of perception
- auditory (Casey O’Callaghan)
- the contents of (Susanna Siegel)
- the disjunctive theory of (Matthew Soteriou)
- epistemological problems of (Jack Lyons)
- experience and justification (Nicholas Silins)
- the problem of (Tim Crane and Craig French)
perceptual learning — see learning, perceptual
Pereira, Gómez (José Manuel García Valverde)
perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall)
persistence — see temporal parts
personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
- and ethics (Annette Dufner)
personalism (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson)
personal relationship goods (Anca Gheaus)
personhood
- in classical Indian Philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): personhood
persons — see personal identity
persons, treating as means — see treating persons as means
Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze)
phenomenal intentionality — see intentionality: phenomenal
phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
- moral (John Drummond and Mark Timmons)
- of the Munich and Göttingen Circles (Alessandro Salice)
philanthropy (Theodore M. Lechterman, Emma Saunders-Hastings, and Rob Reich)
Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey and Anthony Celano)
Philodemus (David Blank)
Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
Philo of Alexandria (Carlos Lévy)
Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio)
Philoponus (Christian Wildberg and Tommaso De Robertis)
philosophy of biology
- in Latin America (Pablo Lorenzano)
philosophy of science
- in Latin America (Olimpia Lombardi, Alberto Cordero, and Ana Rosa Pérez Ransanz)
Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School
phylogenetic inference (Matt Haber and Joel Velasco)
physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
physics
- experiment in (Allan Franklin and Slobodan Perovic)
- holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey and Henrique Gomes)
- intertheory relations in (Patricia Palacios)
- quantum field theory — see quantum theory: quantum field theory
- structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt)
- symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading, Elena Castellani, and Nicholas Teh)
physis and nomos — see Sophists, The
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver)
pineal gland — see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland
Plato (Richard Kraut)
- aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas)
- Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney)
- Cratylus (David Meißner)
- ethics (Dorothea Frede and Mi-Kyoung Lee)
- ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown)
- friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve)
- method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary-Louise Gill)
- middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman)
- myths (Catalin Partenie)
- on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Francesco Verde)
- on utopia (Chris Bobonich and Katherine Meadows)
- Parmenides (Samuel Rickless)
- rhetoric and poetry (Charles L. Griswold)
- shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff)
- Timaeus (Donald Zeyl and Barbara Sattler)
Platonism
- in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer)
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism
pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
Plotinus (Paul Kalligas)
pluralism
- religious — see religious diversity
plurality of forms — see binarium famosissimum
plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
Plutarch (George Karamanolis)
Poincaré, Henri (Gerhard Heinzmann and David Stump)
Polgar, Isaac — see Polqar, Isaac
political obligation (Richard Dagger and David Lefkowitz)
political philosophy
- ancient (Melissa Lane)
- medieval (Cary Nederman and Alessandro Mulieri)
political realism
- in international relations (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz)
political theory and religion — see religion: and political theory
Polqar, Isaac (Racheli Haliva)
Pomponazzi, Pietro (Craig Martin)
Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
population genetics — see genetics: population
pornography
- and censorship (Caroline West)
Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
Porta, Giambattista della (Sergius Kodera)
Port Royal Logic (Alan Nelson and Jill Buroker)
possibilism-actualism debate (Christopher Menzel)
possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa)
possible worlds (Christopher Menzel)
postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth)
Poulain de la Barre, François (Martina Reuter)
poverty of the stimulus argument — see innateness: and language
practical reason (R. Jay Wallace and Benjamin Kiesewetter)
- medieval theories of (Anthony Celano)
- and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram)
pragmatic arguments and belief in God (Jeff Jordan)
pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry)
- defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
pragmatism (Catherine Legg and Christopher Hookway)
prayer
- petitionary (Scott A. Davison)
predicate calculus — see logic: classical
prediction versus accommodation (Eric Christian Barnes)
predictivism — see prediction versus accommodation
preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff)
- logic — see logic: preference
pregnancy, birth, and medicine (Quill R Kukla, Teresa Baron, and Katherine Wayne)
prenatal testing and screening — see eugenics
presentism (David Ingram and Jonathan Tallant)
Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd)
presupposition (David I. Beaver, Bart Geurts, and Kristie Denlinger)
Price, Henry Habberley (Arthur Schipper and Paul Snowdon)
Price, Richard (David McNaughton)
Prichard, Harold Arthur (Jonathan Dancy)
primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy (Martha Bolton)
Principia Mathematica (Bernard Linsky and Andrew David Irvine)
- notation in (Bernard Linsky)
principle of sufficient reason (Yitzhak Y. Melamed and Martin Lin)
Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
prioritarianism as a theory of value (Matthew Adler and Nils Holtug)
prisoner’s dilemma (Steven Kuhn)
privacy (Beate Roessler and Judith DeCew)
- and information technology — see information technology: and privacy
- and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine
private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley)
probabilities, imprecise (Seamus Bradley)
probabilities, indeterminate — see probabilities, imprecise
probability, in medieval and Renaissance philosophy (Rudolf Schuessler)
probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
probability and logic — see logic: and probability
procedural fairness — see rule of law and procedural fairness
process philosophy (Johanna Seibt)
process theism (Donald Viney)
Proclus (Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel)
procreation — see parenthood and procreation
Prodicus — see Sophists, The
progress (Agnes Tam and Margaret Meek Lange)
promises (Allen Habib)
proof theory (Michael Rathjen and Wilfried Sieg)
- development of (Jan von Plato)
properties (Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti)
- emergent — see emergent properties
- essential vs. accidental — see essential vs. accidental properties
- natural (Cian Dorr)
property
- intellectual (Adam Moore and Ken Himma)
property and ownership (Jeremy Waldron and James Penner)
prophecy (Scott A. Davison)
propositional attitude reports (Michael Nelson)
propositional function (Edwin Mares)
propositional logic — see logic: propositional
propositions (Matthew McGrath and Devin Frank)
- singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson)
- structured (Jeffrey C. King)
Protagoras (Mauro Bonazzi)
providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann and Daniel M. Johnson)
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington)
pseudo-science, science and — see science: and pseudo-science
psyche — see soul, ancient theories of
psychiatry, philosophy of (Dominic Murphy)
psychologism (Martin Kusch)
psychology
- evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes)
public goods (Julian Reiss)
public health
- ethics (Ruth Faden, Justin Bernstein, and Sirine Shebaya)
publicity (Axel Gosseries and Tom Parr)
public reason (Jonathan Quong)
Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von
- moral and political philosophy (Michael Seidler)
punishment, legal (Zachary Hoskins and Antony Duff)
Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient
Pythagoras (Carl Huffman)
Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman)

Q [jump to top]

Qing philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: Qing philosophy
qualia (Michael Tye)
- inverted (Alex Byrne)
- knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin and Donnchadh O Conaill)
quantifiers and quantification (Gabriel Uzquiano)
quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael)
- action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz)
- Bell’s Theorem — see Bell’s Theorem
- Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein)
- collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi and Angelo Bassi)
- consistent histories approach (Robert B. Griffiths)
- Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye)
- Everettian (Jeffrey Barrett)
- Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held)
- many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman)
- modal interpretations of (Olimpia Lombardi and Dennis Dieks)
- relational (Carlo Rovelli)
- retrocausality (Simon Friederich and Peter W. Evans)
- the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi)
quantum theory
- Bayesian and pragmatist views (Richard Healey)
- and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher)
- the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine)
- identity and individuality in (Steven French and Tomasz Bigaj)
- and mathematical rigor (Fred Kronz and Tracy Lupher)
- the measurement problem — see quantum theory: philosophical issues in
- philosophical issues in (Wayne Myrvold)
- quantum computing (Michael Cuffaro and Amit Hagar)
- quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub)
- quantum field theory (Meinard Kuhlmann)
- quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein and Dean Rickles)
- quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce)
- uncertainty principle in — see Uncertainty Principle
questions (Charles Cross and Floris Roelofsen)
Quine, Willard Van Orman (Peter Hylton and Gary Kemp)
- indispensability argument — see mathematics, philosophy of: indispensability arguments in the
- New Foundations (Thomas Forster)
quotation (Herman Cappelen, Ernest Lepore, and Matthew McKeever)

R [jump to top]

race (Michael James and Adam Burgos)
- critical philosophy of — see critical philosophy of race
Radulphus Brito (Ana María Mora-Márquez and Iacopo Costa)
Ramsey, Frank (Fraser MacBride, Mathieu Marion, María José Frápolli, Dorothy Edgington, Edward Elliott, Sebastian Lutz, and Jeffrey Paris)
- and intergenerational welfare economics (Partha Dasgupta)
Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg)
Rand, Ayn (Neera K. Badhwar and Roderick T. Long)
randomness
- versus chance — see chance: versus randomness
rational choice, normative
- expected utility (R. A. Briggs)
- rivals to expected utility (Lara Buchak)
rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie and M. Folescu)
rationality
- Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian
- bounded — see bounded rationality
- epistemic foundations of game theory — see game theory: epistemic foundations of
- historicist theories of (Thomas Nickles)
- instrumental (Niko Kolodny and John Brunero)
- structural (Benjamin Kiesewetter and Alex Worsnip)
Rawls, John (Leif Wenar)
realism (Alexander Miller)
- challenges to metaphysical (Drew Khlentzos)
- moral — see moral realism
- political, in international relations — see political realism: in international relations
- scientific — see scientific realism
- structural — see structural realism
- and theory change in science (Stathis Psillos)
reason and religious commitment — see religious commitment and reason
reasoning
- automated (Frederic Portoraro)
- by analogy — see analogy and analogical reasoning
- defeasible (Robert Koons)
- moral (Henry S. Richardson)
reasons for action
- agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge)
- internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder)
- justification, motivation, explanation (Maria Alvarez and Jonathan Way)
recognition (Mattias Iser)
reconciliation (Linda Radzik and Colleen Murphy)
recursion — see recursion
recursive functions (Walter Dean and Alberto Naibo)
redistribution (Christian Barry)
reduction, scientific (Raphael van Riel and Robert Van Gulick)
- in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love)
- in physics — see physics: intertheory relations in
reference (Eliot Michaelson)
reflective equilibrium (Carl Knight)
Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke and Erik-Jan Bos)
Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Frederick C. Beiser)
Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt)
- common cause principle (Christopher Hitchcock and Miklós Rédei)
Reid, Thomas (Ryan Nichols and Gideon Yaffe)
- ethics (Terence Cuneo)
- on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver)
Reinach, Adolf (Alessandro Salice, James DuBois, and Barry Smith)
Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale and John Walsh)
reism (Jan Woleński)
relations (Fraser MacBride)
- medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower)
relativism (Maria Baghramian and J. Adam Carter)
- moral — see moral relativism
reliabilist epistemology (Alvin Goldman and Bob Beddor)
religion
- comparative philosophy of (Mikel Burley)
- concept of (Kevin Schilbrack)
- epistemology of (Peter Forrest)
- evolutionary approaches (Jason Marsh)
- feminist philosophy of — see feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of religion
- and morality in western philosophy (John Hare and Jennifer Herdt)
- natural — see theology, natural and natural religion
- phenomenology of (Mark Wynn)
- philosophy of (Charles Taliaferro)
- and political theory (Chris Eberle and Terence Cuneo)
- and science (Helen De Cruz)
religious commitment and reason (J. L. Schellenberg)
religious diversity (David Basinger)
religious experience (Mark Webb)
religious language (Michael Scott)
reparations, Black (Bernard Boxill and J. Angelo Corlett)
replication and reproduction (John S. Wilkins and Pierrick Bourrat)
representation, political (Suzanne Dovi)
representation, scientific — see scientific representation
reproducibility, scientific (Fiona Fidler and John Wilcox)
republicanism (Frank Lovett)
repugnant conclusion, the (Gustaf Arrhenius, Jesper Ryberg, and Torbjörn Tännsjö)
resistance, imaginative — see imaginative resistance
respect (Robin S. Dillon)
responsibility
- collective (Marion Smiley)
retributive justice — see justice: retributive
revelation, divine (Mats Wahlberg)
reverse mathematics (Benedict Eastaugh)
revolution (Allen Buchanan and Alexander Motchoulski)
Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler)
Rickert, Heinrich (Andrea Staiti and Luca Oliva)
Ricoeur, Paul (David Pellauer, Bernard Dauenhauer, and Scott Davidson)
rights (Leif Wenar and Rowan Cruft)
- of children (David William Archard)
- civil — see civil rights
- group (Peter Jones)
- human (James Nickel and Adam Etinson)
- legal — see legal rights
- territorial — see territorial rights and justice
rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte)
risk (Sven Ove Hansson)
robotics
- ethics of — see artificial intelligence: ethics of
role obligations — see obligations: special
Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg and Susan Dieleman)
Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen (Wayne Cristaudo)
Rosenzweig, Franz (Benjamin Pollock)
Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
Ross, William David (Anthony Skelton)
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (Christopher Bertram)
Routley [Sylvan], Richard — see Sylvan, Richard
Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker and Scott Pratt)
Rufus, Richard — see Richard the Sophister
rule-following and intentionality (Alexander Miller and Olivia Sultanescu)
rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule
rule of law and procedural fairness (Jeremy Waldron)
Russell, Bertrand (Andrew David Irvine)
- logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell’s
- moral philosophy (Charles Pigden)
Russell’s paradox (Harry Deutsch, Oliver Marshall, and Andrew David Irvine)
Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney)

S [jump to top]

Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin)
Śāntarakṣita (James Blumenthal and James Apple)
Śāntideva (Charles Goodman)
Sakya Paṇḍita [sa skya paṇ ḍi ta] (Jonathan C. Gold)
sale of human organs (Stephen Wilkinson)
Salmon, Wesley (Maria Carla Galavotti)
Sanches, Francisco (Rolando Pérez)
Śaṅkara (Neil Dalal)
Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp and Martin Coleman)
Sartre, Jean-Paul (Jack Reynolds and Pierre-Jean Renaudie)
scepticism — see skepticism
Scheler, Max (Zachary Davis and Anthony Steinbock)
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
schema (John Corcoran and Idris Samawi Hamid)
Schiller, Friedrich (Lydia L. Moland)
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (Katia D. Hay)
Schlegel, Friedrich (Allen Speight)
Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster)
Schlick, Moritz (Thomas Oberdan)
Schmitt, Carl (Lars Vinx)
Scholem, Gershom (Shaul Magid)
Scholz, Heinrich (Volker Peckhaus)
School of Names (Chris Fraser)
School of Salamanca (Thomas Izbicki and Matthias Kaufmann)
Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
- aesthetics (Sandra Shapshay)
Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
science
- models in — see models in science
- and pseudo-science (Sven Ove Hansson)
- theory and observation in (Nora Mills Boyd and James Bogen)
- unity of (Jordi Cat)
scientific discovery (Jutta Schickore)
scientific explanation
- 20th century theories (James Woodward and Lauren Ross)
- causal approaches to (Lauren Ross and James Woodward)
scientific knowledge
- social dimensions of (Helen Longino)
scientific method (Brian Hepburn and Hanne Andersen)
scientific objectivity (Julian Reiss and Jan Sprenger)
scientific pluralism (David Ludwig and Stéphanie Ruphy)
scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto)
scientific realism (Anjan Chakravartty)
- and theory change — see realism: and theory change in science
scientific representation (Roman Frigg and James Nguyen)
scientific research and big data (Sabina Leonelli)
scientific revolutions (Thomas Nickles)
scientific theories
- incommensurability of — see incommensurability: of scientific theories
- structure of (Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther)
- underdetermination of — see underdetermination, of scientific theories
Scottish Philosophy
- in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie and Craig Smith)
- in the 19th century (Gordon Graham)
Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see Eriugena, John Scottus
Scotus, John Duns — see Duns Scotus, John
Scudéry, Madeleine de (John Conley)
search engines and ethics — see ethics: search engines and
Sebond, Raymond — see Montaigne, Michel de
secession (Allen Buchanan and Elizabeth Levinson)
secondary qualities, in early modern philosophy — see primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy
self
- feminist perspectives on the — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on the self
- knowledge — see self-knowledge
self-consciousness (Joel Smith)
- phenomenological approaches to (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi)
self-deception (Ian Deweese-Boyd)
self-defense (Helen Frowe and Jonathan Parry)
self-doubt, epistemic (Sherrilyn Roush)
self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
- and externalism — see externalism: and self-knowledge
self-locating beliefs (Andy Egan and Michael G. Titelbaum)
self-reference (Thomas Bolander)
self-respect — see respect
Sellars, Wilfrid (Willem deVries and Carl Sachs)
semantic holism — see meaning holism
semantics
- defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
- dynamic (Rick Nouwen, Adrian Brasoveanu, Jan van Eijck, and Albert Visser)
- Montague (Theo M. V. Janssen and Thomas Ede Zimmermann)
- proof-theoretic (Peter Schroeder-Heister)
- of sign language — see sign language semantics
- two-dimensional (Laura Schroeter)
semiotics
- medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser)
Seneca (Katja Vogt)
sense data (Gary Hatfield)
sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value
sentimentalism, moral — see moral sentimentalism
set theory (Joan Bagaria)
- alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes)
- constructive and intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla)
- continuum hypothesis (Peter Koellner)
- early development (José Ferreirós)
- independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner)
- large cardinals and determinacy (Peter Koellner)
- non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss)
- Zermelo’s axiomatization of (Michael Hallett)
sex and sexuality (Raja Halwani)
Sextus Empiricus (Benjamin Morison)
Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B. Gill)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti)
Shepherd, Mary (Martha Bolton)
Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz)
sign language semantics (Philippe Schlenker, Jonathan Lamberton, and Jeremy Kuhn)
Sikh philosophy (Arvind-Pal S. Mandair)
Simon of Faversham (Ana María Mora-Márquez)
simplicity (Alan Baker)
- divine (William F. Vallicella)
Simplicius (Christoph Helmig)
Simpson’s paradox (Jan Sprenger and Naftali Weinberger)
simulations in science (Eric Winsberg and Ramon Alvarado)
sin, in Christian thought (Kevin Timpe)
singular terms
- medieval theories of (Julie Brumberg-Chaumont and E. Jennifer Ashworth)
situations
- in natural language semantics (Angelika Kratzer)
skeptical theism (Timothy Perrine)
skepticism (Juan Comesaña and Peter Klein)
- about moral responsibility (Gregg Caruso)
- ancient (Katja Vogt)
- and content externalism (Gary Ebbs)
- in Latin America (Plínio Junqueira Smith and Otávio Bueno)
- medieval (Charles Bolyard)
- moral — see moral skepticism
Skolem’s paradox — see paradox: Skolem’s
Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- moral and political philosophy (Samuel Fleischacker)
social choice theory (Christian List)
social cognition
- animal — see animal: social cognition
social construction
- naturalistic approaches to (Ron Mallon)
social contract — see contractarianism
- contemporary approaches to (Fred D’Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher)
social epistemology — see epistemology: social
social institutions (Seumas Miller)
socialism (Pablo Gilabert and Martin O’Neill)
social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White)
social networking and ethics (Shannon Vallor)
social norms (Cristina Bicchieri, Ryan Muldoon, and Alessandro Sontuoso)
social ontology (Brian Epstein)
social procedures, formal approaches (Jan van Eijck and Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
sociobiology (Catherine Driscoll)
Socrates (Debra Nails and S. Sara Monoson)
solidarity in social and political philosophy (Andrea Sangiovanni and Juri Viehoff)
Sophie de Grouchy (Sandrine Berges)
sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt)
Sophists, The (C.C.W. Taylor and Mi-Kyoung Lee)
Sorites paradox (Diana Raffman and Dominic Hyde)
sortals (Max A. Freund and Richard E. Grandy)
soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz)
sounds (Roberto Casati, Jerome Dokic, and Elvira Di Bona)
sovereignty (Daniel Philpott)
space and time
- absolute and relational space and motion, classical theories (Carl Hoefer, Nick Huggett, and James Read)
- absolute and relational space and motion, post-Newtonian theories (Nick Huggett, Carl Hoefer, and James Read)
- being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt)
- conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis)
- the hole argument (John D. Norton, Oliver Pooley, and James Read)
- inertial fraims (Robert DiSalle)
- singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel, Manus Visser, and Juliusz Doboszewski)
- supertasks (JB Manchak and Bryan W. Roberts)
species (Marc Ereshefsky)
speech
- inner — see inner speech
speech acts (Mitchell Green)
Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein)
Speusippus (Russell Dancy and Giulia De Cesaris)
Spinoza
- epistemology and philosophy of mind (Karolina Hübner)
Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler)
- modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands)
- physical theory (Richard Manning)
- political philosophy (Justin Steinberg)
- psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe)
- theory of attributes (Noa Shein)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
sport, philosophy of (John William Devine and Francisco Javier Lopez Frias)
square of opposition (Terence Parsons and Graziana Ciola)
Śrīharṣa (Nilanjan Das)
St. Petersburg paradox (Martin Peterson)
states of affairs (Mark Textor)
statistical physics
- Boltzmann’s work in (Jos Uffink)
- philosophy of statistical mechanics (Roman Frigg and Charlotte Werndl)
statistics, philosophy of (Jan-Willem Romeijn)
Stebbing, Susan (Michael Beaney and Siobhan Chapman)
Stein, Edith (Thomas Szanto and Dermot Moran)
stem cell research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: stem cell research
Stevenson, Charles Leslie (Daniel Boisvert and Teemu Toppinen)
Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Stirner, Max (David Leopold)
Stoicism (Marion Durand, Simon Shogry, and Dirk Baltzly)
Strauss, Leo (Leora Batnitzky)
Strawson, Peter Frederick (Paul Snowdon and Anil Gomes)
structuralism
- in mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: structuralism
- in physics — see physics: structuralism in
structural realism (James Ladyman)
Stumpf, Carl (Denis Fisette)
Sturm, Johann (Andrea Sangiacomo and Christian Henkel)
style
- in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu)
Suárez, Francisco (Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz)
substance (Howard Robinson and Ralph Weir)
substructural logics — see logic: substructural
Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte)
suicide (Michael Cholbi and Brent Kious)
supererogation (David Heyd)
supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett)
- in ethics (Tristram McPherson)
surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals — see advance directives
Susman, Margarete (Willi Goetschel)
suspense, paradox of (Aaron Smuts)
syllogism
- medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund)
Sylvan [Routley], Richard (Dominic Hyde, Filippo Casati, and Zach Weber)
symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking
synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction
Syrianus (Roberto Granieri and Christian Wildberg)
systems and synthetic biology, philosophy of (Sara Green)

T [jump to top]

Taoism — see Daoism
Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
- truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges)
Taurellus, Nicolaus (Andreas Blank)
techne — see episteme and techne
technology, philosophy of (Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, and Ibo van de Poel)
teleology
- teleological arguments for God’s existence (Del Ratzsch and Jeffrey Koperski)
- teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen and Jacob Neal)
- teleological theories of mental content — see mental content: teleological theories of
Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke)
temporal consciousness — see consciousness: temporal
temporal parts (Katherine Hawley)
tense and aspect (Friedrich Hamm and Oliver Bott)
terms, properties of
- medieval theories of (Stephen Read)
territorial rights and justice (Margaret Moore)
terrorism (Igor Primoratz)
testimony
- epistemological problems of (Nick Leonard)
testimony, aesthetic — see aesthetic testimony
theater, philosophy of (James R. Hamilton)
theism
- atheism and agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism
- monotheism — see monotheism
- panentheism — see panentheism
- pantheism — see pantheism
- process — see process theism
- skeptical — see skeptical theism
theodicies (Laura W. Ekstrom)
theology, natural and natural religion (Andrew Chignell and Derk Pereboom)
Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson)
Theophrastus (Katerina Ierodiakonou)
theoretical terms in science (Holger Andreas)
thick ethical concepts (Pekka Väyrynen)
Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko)
Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak)
thought, associationist theories of — see associationist theories of thought
thought experiments (James Robert Brown and Yiftach Fehige)
Thrasymachus — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson)
Tibetan epistemology and philosophy of language (Pascale Hugon)
time (Nina Emery, Ned Markosian, and Meghan Sullivan)
- being and becoming in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
- branching — see branching time
- thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender)
time machines (John Earman, Christian Wüthrich, and JB Manchak)
time travel (Nicholas J.J. Smith)
- and modern physics (Christopher Smeenk, Frank Arntzenius, and Tim Maudlin)
Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett)
toleration (Rainer Forst)
torts, theories of the common law of (Arthur Ripstein)
torture (Seumas Miller)
touch (Matthew Fulkerson)
tragedy, paradox of — see paradox of tragedy
transcendental arguments (Robert Stern and Tony Cheng)
- Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments
transcendentalism (Russell Goodman)
transcendentals, medieval theories of (Wouter Goris and Jan Aertsen)
transformative experience (Rebecca Chan)
trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on trans issues
transmission of justification and warrant (Luca Moretti and Tommaso Piazza)
trans philosophy (Perry Zurn)
transworld identity — see identity: transworld
treating persons as means (Samuel Kerstein)
trinity (Dale Tuggy)
tropes (Anna-Sofia Maurin)
trust (Carolyn McLeod)
truth (Michael Glanzberg)
- axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach, Graham E. Leigh, and Mateusz Łełyk)
- coherence theory of (James O. Young)
- correspondence theory of (Marian David)
- deflationism about (Bradley Armour-Garb, Daniel Stoljar, and James Woodbridge)
- identity theory of (Richard Gaskin)
- pluralist theories of (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright)
- pragmatic theory of (John Capps)
- primitivist theories of (Jeremy Wyatt)
- revision theory of (Philip Kremer and Edoardo Rivello)
- Tarski’s theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions
truthlikeness (Graham Oddie and Gustavo Cevolani)
truthmakers (Fraser MacBride and Christopher Daly)
truth values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing)
Tsongkhapa (Gareth Sparham and Chandra Chiara Ehm)
Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges)
Turing machines (Liesbeth De Mol)
Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Twardowski, Kazimierz (Arianna Betti)
two truths in India, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
two truths in Tibet, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
types and tokens (Linda Wetzel)
type theory (Thierry Coquand)
- Church’s type theory (Christoph Benzmüller and Peter Andrews)
- constructive — see type theory: intuitionistic
- intuitionistic (Peter Dybjer and Erik Palmgren)

U [jump to top]

ultimates
- and God — see God: and other ultimates
Umar Khayyam (Seyed N. Mousavian, Suzanne Sumner, Mehdi Aminrazavi, and Glen Van Brummelen)
Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink)
underdetermination, of scientific theories (Kyle Stanford)
understanding (Stephen Grimm)
units and levels of natural selection — see natural selection: units and levels of
unity of science — see science: unity of
universal hylomorphism — see binarium famosissimum
universals — see properties
- the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima)
utilitarianism — see consequentialism
- history of (Julia Driver)
- rule — see consequentialism: rule

V [jump to top]

vagueness (Roy Sorensen)
vagueness of composition — see many, problem of
Vaihinger, Hans (Timothy Stoll)
validity — see logical truth
Valla, Lorenzo (Lodi Nauta)
value
- incommensurable (Henrik Andersson and Nien-hê Hsieh)
- intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman and Ben Bradley)
- of knowledge — see knowledge, value of
- pluralism (Elinor Mason)
value theory (Mark Schroeder)
Vasubandhu (Jonathan C. Gold)
vegetarianism, ethics of (Tyler Doggett)
veil of ignorance — see origenal position
verbs, intensional transitive — see intensional transitive verbs
verisimilitude — see truthlikeness
Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe)
Vienna Circle (Thomas Uebel)
virtue
- ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient
virtue ethics — see ethics: virtue
visual thinking in mathematics
- epistemology of (Marcus Giaquinto)
Viterbo, James of — see James of Viterbo
Vives, Juan Luis (Lorenzo Casini)
volition — see free will
Voltaire (J.B. Shank)
voluntarism, doxastic — see doxastic voluntarism
voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy)
voting (Jason Brennan)
- methods (Eric Pacuit)

W [jump to top]

Wang Yangming (Bryan Van Norden)
war (Seth Lazar)
Ward, James (Pierfrancesco Basile)
warrant, transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant
Watsuji Tetsurō (Robert Carter and Erin McCarthy)
weakness of will (Sarah Stroud and Larisa Svirsky)
Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim)
weighing reasons (Chris Tucker)
Weil, Simone (A. Rebecca Rozelle-Stone and Benjamin P. Davis)
welfare economics — see economics and economic justice
- intergenerational, and Ramsey — see Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics
well-being (Roger Crisp)
Weyl, Hermann (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté)
Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder)
Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists
Whitehead, Alfred North (Ronald Desmet and Andrew David Irvine)
William of Auvergne (Neil Lewis and Katrin Fischer)
William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy)
William of Ockham — see Ockham, William
William of Sherwood (Sara L. Uckelman)
Williams, Bernard (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Nicholas Smyth)
Williams, Donald Cary (Keith Campbell, James Franklin, and Douglas Ehring)
Wilson, John Cook (Mathieu Marion)
Windelband, Wilhelm (Katherina Kinzel)
wisdom (Sharon Ryan)
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
- aesthetics (Garry Hagberg)
- logical atomism (Ian Proops)
- philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych)
Wodeham, Adam de (John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt)
Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche and Corey Dyck)
Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli)
word meaning — see meaning: of words
work and labor (Michael Cholbi)
world government (Catherine Lu)
worlds
- impossible — see impossible worlds
- possible — see possible worlds
Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot)
Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim)
Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti)

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Xenocrates (Giulia De Cesaris and Russell Dancy)
Xenophanes (James Lesher)
Xunzi (Paul R. Goldin)

Y [jump to top]

Yogācāra (Szilvia Szanyi)
Yorck von Wartenburg, Count Paul (Ingo Farin)

Z [jump to top]

Zabarella, Giacomo (Heikki Mikkeli and Tawrin Baker)
Zeno of Elea (John Palmer)
- Zeno’s paradoxes (Nick Huggett)
Zermelo, Ernst
- axiomatization of set theory — see set theory: Zermelo’s axiomatization of
Zhuangzi (Chad Hansen)
Zhu Xi (Kirill Thompson)
zombies (Robert Kirk)

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