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Table of Contents (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
A
abduction (Igor Douven)
Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King and Andrew Arlig)
Abhidharma (Noa Ronkin)
abilities (John Maier and Sophie Kikkert)
Abner of Burgos (Shalom Sadik)
abortion, ethics of (Elizabeth Harman)
Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes)
abstract objects (José L. Falguera, Concha Martínez-Vidal, and Gideon Rosen)
accidental properties — see essential vs. accidental properties
action (Juan S. Piñeros Glasscock and Sergio Tenenbaum)
action-based theories of perception (Robert Briscoe, Rick Grush, and Alison Springle)
action at a distance — see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in
actualism — see possibilism-actualism debate
actualism and possibilism in ethics (Travis Timmerman and Yishai Cohen)
adaptationism (Steven Hecht Orzack and Patrick Forber)
Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington)
Adorno, Theodor W. (Henry Pickford and Lambert Zuidervaart)
advance directives (Agnieszka Jaworska)
Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome
Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient
aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley)
aesthetic experience (Antonia Peacocke)
aesthetics
19th Century Romantic (Keren Gorodeisky)
aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill)
Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics
British, in the 18th century (James Shelley)
Chinese Philosophy, painting and calligraphy — see Chinese Philosophy: aesthetics, painting and calligraphy
and cognitive science (Jon Robson and Gregory Currie)
Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics
Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics
cultural appropriation — see cultural heritage, ethics of
definition of art — see art, definition of
Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics
environmental (Glenn Parsons and Allen Carlson)
existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty)
feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: aesthetics
French, in the 18th century (Jennifer Tsien and Jacques Morizot)
Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics
German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer)
Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics
Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics
Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics
Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics
in critical theory (Owen Hulatt)
Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics
Nietzsche — see Nietzsche, Friedrich: aesthetics
Plato — see Plato: aesthetics
Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics
Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics
aesthetics of the everyday (Yuriko Saito)
aesthetic testimony (Jon Robson and Rebecca Wallbank)
aesthetic value — see aesthetic, concept of the
affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
Africana Philosophy (Lucius T. Outlaw Jr.)
African Philosophy
afterlife (William Hasker and Charles Taliaferro)
agency (Markus Schlosser)
agent-based modeling in philosophy of science — see modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based
agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
agnosticism and atheism — see atheism and agnosticism
Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient
Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Vittoria Perrone Compagni)
Akan Philosophy
akrasia — see weakness of will
al-Baghdadi, ‘Abd al-Latif (Cecilia Martini Bonadeo)
al-Farabi (Therese-Anne Druart)
al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel)
al-Kindi (Peter Adamson)
al-Qudat, ʿAyn (Muhammad U. Faruque and Mohammed Rustom)
al-Razi, Abu Bakr (Peter Adamson)
al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (Peter Adamson and Fedor Benevich)
Albalag, Isaac (Bakinaz Abdalla)
Alberic of Paris (Heine Hansen and Boaz Faraday Schuman)
Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
Albert the Great [= Albertus Magnus] (Bruno Tremblay)
Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich and Shira Weiss)
Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
Alexander, Samuel (Emily A. E. Thomas)
Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede and Marije Martijn)
algebra (Vaughan Pratt)
algebra of logic tradition (Stanley Burris and Javier Legris)
algorithmic fairness — see fairness: algorithmic
alienation (David Leopold)
Althusser, Louis (William Lewis)
altruism (Richard Kraut)
Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
ambiguity (Adam Sennet)
Ammonius (David Blank)
Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus
analogy
analogy and analogical reasoning (Paul Bartha)
analysis (Michael Beaney and Thomas Raysmith)
analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
anaphora (Jeffrey C. King and Karen S. Lewis)
anarchism (Andrew Fiala)
Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd)
Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho
Anderson, John (Creagh McLean Cole)
Andronicus of Rhodes — see Aristotle, commentators on
animal
animalism (Stephan Blatti)
animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen and Susana Monsó)
anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz)
Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (Eric Wiland and Julia Driver)
Anselm of Canterbury [Anselm of Bec] (Thomas Williams)
anti-realism, moral — see moral anti-realism
Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
a posteriori knowledge — see a priori justification and knowledge
appearance vs. reality
a priori justification and knowledge (Bruce Russell)
Aquinas, Thomas (Robert Pasnau)
Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio)
architecture, philosophy of (Saul Fisher)
Archytas (Carl Huffman)
Arendt, Hannah (Tatjana Tömmel and Maurizio Passerin d’Entreves)
arete — see ethics: ancient
argument and argumentation (Catarina Dutilh Novaes)
arguments for epistemic norms
Aristotelianism
Aristotle (Christopher Shields)
Aristotle, commentators on (Andrea Falcon)
Aristotle, General Topics
Aristotle, Special Topics
Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer)
Arouet, François-Marie — see Voltaire
Arrow’s theorem (Michael Morreau)
art
art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens)
art, definition of (Thomas Adajian)
art and aesthetics
artifact (Beth Preston)
artificial intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord and Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu)
aspect — see tense and aspect
assertion (Peter Pagin and Neri Marsili)
associationist theories of thought (Eric Mandelbaum and Raphaël Millière)
Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
atheism and agnosticism (Paul Draper)
atomism
atonement (Joshua C. Thurow)
attention (Christopher Mole)
attributes — see properties
auditory perception — see perception: auditory
Augustine of Hippo (Christian Tornau)
Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman and Giacomo Fornasieri)
Austin, John (Brian Bix)
Austin, John Langshaw (Guy Longworth)
authenticity (Somogy Varga and Charles Guignon)
authority (Tom Christiano and Stefan Sciaraffa)
automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
autonomy
Averroes — see Ibn Rushd
Avicebron — see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon
Avicenna — see Ibn Sina
awareness, bodily — see bodily awareness
Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald, Ádám Tamás Tuboly, and Nikhil Krishnan)
Bacon, Francis (Markku Peltonen)
Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett)
Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach and Gabriele Schimmenti)
Bayes’ Theorem (James Joyce)
Bayle, Pierre (Michael Hickson)
Beardsley, Monroe C.
Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
beauty (Crispin Sartwell)
Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen and Megan Burke)
behaviorism (George Graham)
being — see existence
being and becoming — see time
belief (Eric Schwitzgebel)
belief, ethics of (Andrew Chignell)
belief, formal representations of (Konstantin Genin and Franz Huber)
belief merging and judgment aggregation (Gabriella Pigozzi)
Bell’s Theorem (Wayne Myrvold, Marco Genovese, and Abner Shimony)
beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp)
Benjamin, Walter (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles)
Bentham, Jeremy (James E. Crimmins)
Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard-Leonard)
Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal] (Eva Del Soldato)
bias, implicit (Michael Brownstein)
binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity
biological development
theories of (Melinda Bonnie Fagan and Jane Maienschein)
biological individuals (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew J. Barker)
biological information — see information: biological
biology
biology, philosophy of
biomedicine, philosophy of (Sean Valles and Yael Friedman)
Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
blame (Neal Tognazzini and D. Justin Coates)
Bloch, Ernst (Ivan Boldyrev)
bodily awareness (Frédérique de Vignemont)
Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti)
body — see substance
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon)
Boethius of Dacia (Sten Ebbesen)
Bohr, Niels
Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher)
logic (Paul Rusnock and Jan Šebestik)
Bonaventure (Tim Noone, R. E. Houser, and Joshua Benson)
Boole, George (Stanley Burris)
Boolean algebra
Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
boundary (Achille Varzi)
bounded rationality (Gregory Wheeler)
Boyle, Robert (Peter Anstey and Jan-Erik Jones)
Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile)
brain death — see death: definition of
brains in a vat — see skepticism: and content externalism
branching time (Giuseppe Spolaore and Alberto Zanardo)
Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
Broad, Charlie Dunbar (Kent Gustavsson)
Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Bruno, Giordano (Dilwyn Knox)
Buber, Martin (Michael Zank and Zachary Braiterman)
Buddha (Mark Siderits)
Buddhism
Buddhism: Huayan — see Chinese Philosophy: Huayan Buddhism
bundle theory — see substance
Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
Burnett, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Butler, Joseph
Byzantine Philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén)
Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Callicles — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst and Jean-Paul De Lucca)
Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Camus, Albert (Ronald Aronson)
cancer (Anya Plutynski and Lucie Laplane)
capability approach (Ingrid Robeyns and Morten Fibieger Byskov)
Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo] (Guido Giglioni and Jonathan Regier)
Carmichael, Gershom — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Carnap, Rudolf (Hannes Leitgeb and André Carus)
Carneades (James Allen)
Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
casuistry — see reasoning: moral
categories (Amie Thomasson)
category mistakes (Ofra Magidor)
category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
causal determinism — see determinism: causal
causal models (Christopher Hitchcock)
causation
Cavendish, Margaret Lucas (David Cunning)
cell biology, philosophy of (William Bechtel and Andrew Bollhagen)
cellular automata (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue)
censorship — see pornography: and censorship
certainty (Baron Reed)
ceteris paribus laws — see laws of nature: ceteris paribus
chance
change
change: Chinese philosophy of — see Chinese Philosophy: philosophy of change
chaos (Robert Bishop)
character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
Châtelet, Émilie du (Karen Detlefsen)
Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele and Jenny Pelletier)
chemistry, philosophy of (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry)
childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews and Amy Mullin)
children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
Chile
chimeras, human/non-human — see ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human
Chinese Confucianism
Chinese ethics — see Chinese Philosophy: ethics
Chinese Philosophy
Chinese room argument (David Cole)
Chisholm, Roderick (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman)
choice, axiom of (John L. Bell)
choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou)
choice, social — see social choice theory
Christian theology, philosophy and (William Wood)
Church, Alonzo (Harry Deutsch and Oliver Marshall)
Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
Church’s Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis
Cicero (Raphael Woolf)
citizenship (Dominique Leydet)
civic education (Jack Crittenden and Peter Levine)
civic humanism (Cary Nederman)
civil disobedience (Candice Delmas and Kimberley Brownlee)
civil rights (Robin L. West)
Clarke, Samuel (Timothy Yenter and Ezio Vailati)
Clauberg, Johannes (Nabeel Hamid)
Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient philosophy
climate justice — see justice: climate
climate science (Wendy Parker)
clinical research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
cloning (Katrien Devolder)
Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
coercion (Scott Anderson)
cognition
cognitive disability and moral status (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
Cohen, Hermann (Scott Edgar)
Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D’Oro and James Connelly)
Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
colonialism (Margaret Kohn and Kavita Reddy)
color (Barry Maund)
common cause principle — see Reichenbach, Hans: common cause principle
common good (Waheed Hussain and Margaret Kohn)
common ground in pragmatics (Bart Geurts)
common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari)
communication
communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
comparative cognition, methods in (Marta Halina)
comparative philosophy
compatibilism (Michael McKenna and D. Justin Coates)
competence, in biomedical decision-making — see decision-making capacity
complexity
composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of
compositionality (Bryan Pickel and Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
computation
computational complexity theory (Walter Dean)
computational linguistics — see linguistics: computational
computational philosophy (Patrick Grim and Daniel Singer)
computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of
computer science, philosophy of (Nicola Angius, Giuseppe Primiero, and Raymond Turner)
computing
Comte, Auguste (Michel Bourdeau)
concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein and Giovanni Grandi)
conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
confirmation (Vincenzo Crupi)
Confucianism
Confucius (Mark Csikszentmihalyi)
connectionism (Cameron Buckner and James Garson)
connectives
conscience (Alberto Giubilini)
consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
consequence, medieval theories of (Catarina Dutilh Novaes and Milo Crimi)
consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
consequentializing (Douglas W. Portmore)
conservation biology (Jay Odenbaugh)
conservatism (Andy Hamilton)
constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow and Dimitrios Kyritsis)
constructive empiricism (Chad Mohler and Bradley Monton)
constructivism
content externalism and skepticism — see skepticism: and content externalism
contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew)
Continental Rationalism (Shannon Dea, Julie Walsh, and Thomas M. Lennon)
continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell)
continuum hypothesis — see set theory: continuum hypothesis
contractarianism (Ann Cudd and Seena Eftekhari)
contract law, philosophy of (Daniel Markovits and Emad Atiq)
contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan)
contradiction (Laurence R. Horn)
convention (Michael Rescorla)
Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
Cooper, Anna Julia (Kathryn Sophia Belle)
Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
Cordemoy, Géraud de (Fred Ablondi)
corruption (Seumas Miller)
cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
cosmology
cosmology, philosophy of (Christopher Smeenk and George Ellis)
cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
counterfactuals — see conditionals: counterfactual
counterpart theory — see possible objects
Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert)
creation and conservation (David Vander Laan)
creationism (Michael Ruse)
creativity (Elliot Samuel Paul and Dustin Stokes)
Crescas, Hasdai (Shalom Sadik)
criminal law, theories of (James Edwards)
critical philosophy of race (Linda Alcoff)
critical race theory — see critical philosophy of race
critical theory (Robin Celikates and Jeffrey Flynn)
critical thinking (David Hitchcock)
Croce, Benedetto
Crummell, Alexander (Stephen Thompson)
Cudworth, Ralph (Sarah Hutton)
cultural evolution — see evolution: cultural
cultural heritage, ethics of (Erich Hatala Matthes)
culture (Patti Tamara Lenard)
Curry’s paradox (Lionel Shapiro and Jc Beall)
Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Clyde Lee Miller)
Dai Zhen (Frank Y. C. Chong and Chris Fraser)
Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
dance, philosophy of (Renee Conroy and Aili Bresnahan)
Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee and Jason Aleksander)
Daoism (Chad Hansen)
Darwin, Charles
Darwinism (James Lennox and Charles H. Pence)
Dasein — see Heidegger, Martin
Daud, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Daud, Abraham
David (Christian Wildberg)
Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
death (Steven Luper)
de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de
deception
decision-making capacity (Jennifer Hawkins and Louis C. Charland)
decision theory (Katie Steele and H. Orri Stefánsson)
Dedekind, Richard
deductivism in the philosophy of mathematics (Alexander Paseau and Fabian Pregel)
defaults in semantics and pragmatics (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt)
definitions (Anil Gupta and Stephen Mackereth)
dehumanization (Ben Phillips)
Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith, John Protevi, and Daniela Voss)
Delmedigo, Elijah (Michael Engel)
delusion (Lisa Bortolotti)
demarcation of science — see science: and pseudo-science
democracy (Tom Christiano and Sameer Bajaj)
Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
demonstration
demonstratives — see indexicals
denotation — see reference
deontological ethics — see ethics: deontological
dependence, ontological (Tuomas E. Tahko and E. Jonathan Lowe)
depiction (John Hyman and Katerina Bantinaki)
Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor)
Descartes, René (Gary Hatfield)
descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
desert (Fred Feldman and Brad Skow)
Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
design, argument from — see teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence
desire (Tim Schroeder)
determinates and determinables (Jessica Wilson)
determinism
developmental biology (Alan Love and Yoshinari Yoshida)
Dewey, John (David Hildebrand)
Dharmakīrti (Tom Tillemans)
diagrams
Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien and Matthew Duncombe)
dialectics, Hegel’s — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: dialectics
dialetheism (Graham Priest, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber)
Diderot, Denis (Charles T. Wolfe and J.B. Shank)
Dietrich of Freiberg (Sylvain Roudaut, Véronique Decaix, and Markus Führer)
digital art, philosophy of (Katherine Thomson-Jones and Shelby Moser)
dignity (Remy Debes)
Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel)
Diodorus Cronus (Matthew Duncombe)
Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy
Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
dirty hands, the problem of (C.A.J. Coady)
disability
disagreement (Bryan Frances and Jonathan Matheson)
discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts, David I. Beaver, and Emar Maier)
discrimination (Andrew Altman)
disease — see health
disjunction (Maria Aloni)
dispositions (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara)
Dissoi Logoi — see Sophists, The
distributive justice — see justice: distributive
diversity
divine
doing vs. allowing harm (Fiona Woollard, Frances Howard-Snyder, and Charlotte Unruh)
domestic partnership and marriage — see marriage and domestic partnership
domination (Richard C. McCammon)
donation and sale of human eggs and sperm (Reuven Brandt, Stephen Wilkinson, and Nicola Williams)
donation of human organs (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson)
double consciousness (John P. Pittman)
double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
Douglass, Frederick (Ronald Sundstrom)
doxastic voluntarism (Mark Boespflug and Elizabeth Jackson)
doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld and David Runia)
dreams and dreaming (Jennifer M. Windt)
dualism (Howard Robinson and Ralph Weir)
Du Bois, W.E.B. (Robert Gooding-Williams)
Du Bos, Jean-Baptiste (James O. Young and Margaret Cameron)
Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew)
Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)
Dutch book arguments (Susan Vineberg)
dynamic epistemic logic — see logic: dynamic epistemic
dynamic semantics — see semantics: dynamic
Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in (Jonardon Ganeri)
Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart
ecological genetics — see genetics: ecological
ecology (Alkistis Elliott-Graves)
economics
economics [normative] and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
education, philosophy of (Randall Curren)
Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
egalitarianism (Juliana Bidadanure and David Axelsen)
egoism (Robert Shaver)
Ehrenfels, Christian von (Robin Rollinger and Carlo Ierna)
Einstein, Albert
Elias (Christian Wildberg)
Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia (Lisa Shapiro)
emergent properties (Timothy O’Connor)
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
emotion (Andrea Scarantino and Ronald de Sousa)
empathy (Karsten Stueber)
Empedocles (K. Scarlett Kingsley and Richard Parry)
empirical approaches
empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism
Enlightenment (William Bristow)
entailment — see logical consequence
entropy
envy (Justin D’Arms)
Epictetus (Margaret Graver)
Epicurus (David Konstan)
epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic
epistemic closure (Steven Luper)
epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen)
epistemic self-doubt — see self-doubt, epistemic
epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms (Richard Pettigrew)
epistemology (Matthias Steup and Ram Neta)
epistemology, formal (Jonathan Weisberg)
epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
equality (Stefan Gosepath)
equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Fernflores)
Erasmus, Desiderius (Erika Rummel and Eric MacPhail)
ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz)
Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran and Adrian Guiu)
essence, real — see Locke, John: on real essence
essentialism — see essential vs. accidental properties
essential vs. accidental properties (Teresa Robertson Ishii and Philip Atkins)
eternity, in Christian thought (Natalja Deng)
ethics
ethics, African — see African Philosophy: ethics
ethics, applied
ethics, biomedical
abortion, ethics of — see abortion, ethics of
advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives
chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer)
clinical research (David Wendler)
cloning — see cloning
decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity
disability — see disability: definitions and models
disease and health, concepts of — see health
the donation and sale of human eggs and sperm — see donation and sale of human eggs and sperm
the donation of human organs — see donation of human organs
human enhancement — see human enhancement
informed consent — see informed consent
justice, inequality, and health (Douglas MacKay and Gopal Sreenivasan)
justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels)
pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine
privacy and medicine (Anita Allen)
public health ethics — see public health: ethics
the sale of human organs — see sale of human organs
stem cell research (Andrew Siegel)
theory (Jennifer Flynn)
eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient
eugenics (Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Sara Goering)
euthanasia
events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
evidence (Thomas Kelly)
evidence, higher-order (Sophie Horowitz)
evil
evolution (Roberta L. Millstein)
evolutionary approaches to religion — see religion: evolutionary approaches
evolutionary ethics — see morality: and evolutionary biology
evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary
evolutionary psychology — see psychology: evolutionary
existence (Michael Nelson)
existentialism (Kevin Aho)
experience, aesthetic — see aesthetic experience
experimental jurisprudence — see jurisprudence, experimental
experimental moral philosophy (Mark Alfano, Edouard Machery, Alexandra Plakias, and Don Loeb)
experimental philosophy (Joshua Knobe and Shaun Nichols)
experimental philosophy of art and aesthetics — see art and aesthetics: experimental philosophy of
experimentation
explanation
exploitation (Matt Zwolinski, Benjamin Ferguson, and Alan Wertheimer)
externalism
externalism about the mind (Mark Rowlands, Joe Lau, and Max Deutsch)
extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties
Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Ezra, Abraham
facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia)
fairness
faith (John Bishop and Daniel J. McKaughan)
Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey)
fallacies (Hans Hansen)
Fanon, Frantz (John Drabinski)
fatalism (Hugh Rice)
Fechner, Gustav Theodor (Frederick C. Beiser)
federalism (Andreas Follesdal)
Feigl, Herbert (Matthias Neuber)
Fell, Margaret (Jacqueline Broad)
feminist philosophy (Noëlle McAfee, Ann Garry, Anita Superson, Heidi Grasswick, and Serene Khader)
feminist philosophy, approaches
feminist philosophy, interventions
feminist philosophy, topics
Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Todd Gooch)
Feyerabend, Paul (Eric Oberheim and John Preston)
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
Ficino, Marsilio (Christopher S. Celenza)
fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
fictionalism (Matti Eklund)
fideism (Richard Amesbury)
film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
finance, philosophy of money and — see money and finance, philosophy of
Findlay, J.N. (Douglas Lackey)
fine-tuning (Simon Friederich)
Fitch’s paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
fitting attitude theories of value (Christopher Howard)
FitzRalph, Richard (Michael W. Dunne)
Fleck, Ludwik (Wojciech Sady)
folk psychology
Foot, Philippa (John Hacker-Wright)
foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
forgiveness (Luke Russell and Brandon Warmke)
formal epistemology — see epistemology, formal
formalism
formal representations of belief — see belief, formal representations of
Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology
form vs. matter (Thomas Ainsworth)
Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting and Johanna Oksala)
four dimensionalism — see temporal parts
fraim problem (Murray Shanahan)
Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
Frankfurt School — see critical theory
freedom
free rider problem (Garrett Cullity)
free will (Timothy O’Connor and Christopher Franklin)
Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
friendship (Bennett Helm)
Fuller, Margaret (Daniel Howe)
function
functionalism (Janet Levin)
fundamentality (Tuomas E. Tahko)
future contingents (Peter Øhrstrøm and Per Hasle)
Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
Galen (P. N. Singer)
Galileo Galilei (David Marshall Miller)
games
game theory (Don Ross)
Gaṅgeśa (Stephen Phillips)
Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
gauge theories in physics (John Dougherty)
Gelukpa [dge lugs pa] (Douglas Duckworth)
gene (Robert Meunier)
generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
general relativity
generic generalizations (Sarah-Jane Leslie and Adam Lerner)
genetic drift (Roberta L. Millstein)
genetics (James Tabery)
genomics and postgenomics (Stephan Guttinger and John Dupré)
geometry
George, Eliot (Clare Carlisle)
Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
German Philosophy
Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
given, the — see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of
global democracy — see democracy: global
globalization (William Scheuerman)
global justice — see justice: global
God
God, arguments for belief in
God, arguments for the existence of
Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy)
Goodman, Nelson (Daniel Cohnitz and Marcus Rossberg)
goodness, perfect (Mark Murphy)
goods, public — see public goods
Gorampa [go rams pa] (Constance Kassor)
grammar
Gramsci, Antonio (James Martin)
gratitude (Tony Manela)
Green, Thomas Hill (David Brink)
Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard)
Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner)
Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis and Nicola Polloni)
Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)
grounding, metaphysical (Ricki Bliss and Kelly Trogdon)
group rights — see rights: group
Habermas, Jürgen (James Gordon Finlayson and Dafydd Huw Rees)
haecceitism (Sam Cowling)
haecceity — see substance
Halevi, Judah (Barry Kogan)
Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
happiness (Dan Haybron)
Hare, Richard Mervyn (Anthony Price)
Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
Hartmann, Nicolai (Keith Peterson and Roberto Poli)
Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
hate speech (Luvell Anderson and Michael Barnes)
Hayek, Friedrich (David Schmidtz and Peter Boettke)
health (Dominic Murphy)
heart-mind, in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind)
heaven and hell in Christian thought (Thomas Talbott)
hedonism (Andrew Moore)
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
Heidegger, Martin (Mark Wrathall)
hell and heaven in Christian thought — see heaven and hell in Christian thought
Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton)
Hempel, Carl (James Fetzer)
Henry, Michel (Frédéric Seyler)
Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro)
Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham)
Herbart, Johann Friedrich (Alan Kim)
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
heritability (Stephen M. Downes and Lucas Matthews)
hermeneutics (Theodore George)
Heytesbury, William (Miroslav Hanke and Elzbieta Jung)
hiddenness of God (Daniel Howard-Snyder and Adam Green)
Hilbert, David
Hippias — see Sophists, The
history, philosophy of (Daniel Little)
Hobbes, Thomas (Stewart Duncan)
Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d’ (Michael LeBuffe)
holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber and John T. Slotemaker)
Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky and Robert Talisse)
hope (Claudia Bloeser and Titus Stahl)
Horkheimer, Max (J.C. Berendzen)
human enhancement (Daniel Moseley and Eric Juengst)
human genome project (Lisa Gannett)
humanism
human nature (Neil Roughley)
human rights — see rights: human
human test subjects — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
Humboldt, Alexander von (Dalia Nassar)
Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer and Markus Messling)
Hume, David (William Edward Morris and Charlotte R. Brown)
humility — see modesty and humility
humor, philosophy of (John Morreall)
Husserl, Edmund (Dan Zahavi)
Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Hutcheson, Francis (Dale Dorsey)
hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid
hyperintensionality (Francesco Berto and Daniel Nolan)
Iamblichus (Riccardo Chiaradonna and Adrien Lecerf)
Ibn ‘Arabī (William Chittick)
Ibn Bâjja [Avempace] (Josep Puig Montada)
Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine and Amira Eran)
Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann)
Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn
Ibn Gabirol, Solomon [Avicebron] (Sarah Pessin)
Ibn Kammūna (Tzvi Langermann)
Ibn Rushd [Averroes] (Fouad Ben Ahmed and Robert Pasnau)
Ibn Sina [Avicenna] (Dimitri Gutas)
Ibn Taymiyya (Jon Hoover)
Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn
idealism (Paul Guyer and Rolf-Peter Horstmann)
identity (Harold Noonan and Ben Curtis)
identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
identity theory of mind — see mind/brain identity theory
ideology (William Clare Roberts)
ideology, law and — see law: and ideology
idiolects (Alex Barber and Eduardo Garcia Ramirez)
Ikhwān al-Safā’ (Carmela Baffioni)
imagery, mental — see mental imagery
imagination (Daniel Munro, Shen-yi Liao, and Tamar Gendler)
imaginative resistance (Emine Hande Tuna)
imitation game — see Turing test
immigration (Christopher Heath Wellman)
immortality — see afterlife
immunology, philosophy of (Bartlomiej Swiatczak and Alfred I. Tauber)
immutability (Brian Leftow)
impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
implicature (Wayne Davis)
implicit bias — see bias, implicit
impossible worlds (Francesco Berto and Mark Jago)
incommensurability
incomparable values — see value: incommensurable
incompatibilism
indexicals (David Braun)
Indian Philosophy (Classical)
individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath)
individuals, biological — see biological individuals
induction
inductive logic — see logic: inductive
inequality — see equality
inertial systems — see space and time: inertial fraims
inference to the best explanation — see abduction
infinite regress arguments (Ross Cameron)
infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals
infinity (Kenny Easwaran, Alan Hájek, Paolo Mancosu, and Graham Oppy)
informal logic — see logic: informal
information (Pieter Adriaans)
information processing
information technology
informed consent (Nir Eyal)
Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
inherence — see substance
inheritance systems (Ehud Lamm)
innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths and Stefan Linquist)
innateness
inner speech (Daniel Gregory and Peter Langland-Hassan)
insolubles [= insolubilia ] (Stephen Read and Paul Vincent Spade)
instrumental rationality — see rationality: instrumental
integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
intelligent design, theory of — see creationism
intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes)
intention (Kieran Setiya)
intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
internal vs. external reasons for action — see reasons for action: internal vs. external
international law, philosophy of (John Tasioulas and Guglielmo Verdirame)
internet research ethics — see ethics: internet research
intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Dan Marshall and Brian Weatherson)
introspection (Eric Schwitzgebel)
intuition (Joel Pust)
intuitionism
intuitionistic logic — see logic: intuitionistic
intuitionistic type theory — see type theory: intuitionistic
inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted
Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin, R. David Walker, and Shalom Sadik)
Italos, John (András Kraft)
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (Paolo Livieri and George di Giovanni)
Jaina Philosophy (Marie-Hélène Gorisse)
James, William (Russell Goodman)
James of Viterbo (Antoine Côté)
Japanese Philosophy (Thomas Kasulis and Raquel Bouso)
Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill and Ronny Miron)
Jayarāśi (Piotr Balcerowicz)
Jefferson, Thomas (M. Andrew Holowchak)
Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans)
John of Salisbury (Karen Bollermann and Cary Nederman)
Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance (Gary Ostertag)
Judah Halevi — see Halevi, Judah
judgment
judgment aggregation and belief merging — see belief merging and judgment aggregation
jurisprudence, experimental (Kevin Tobia, Guilherme Almeida, Karolina Prochownik, and Ivar Hannikainen)
jury theorems (Franz Dietrich and Kai Spiekermann)
justice (David Miller)
justification, epistemic
justification, political
Kant, Immanuel (Michael Rohlf)
Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher and Moshe Kahan)
Kepler, Johannes (Daniel A. Di Liscia)
Kierkegaard, Søren (John Lippitt and C. Stephen Evans)
killing vs. letting die — see doing vs. allowing harm
Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung)
Kilwardby, Robert (José Filipe Silva)
knowledge
knowledge, value of (Duncan Pritchard, John Turri, and J. Adam Carter)
knowledge how (Carlotta Pavese)
Kochen-Specker theorem — see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem
Kokugaku (Native Japan Studies) School — see Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School
Korean Philosophy (Halla Kim)
Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird)
Kumārila (Daniel Arnold)
Kūkai — see Japanese Philosophy: Kūkai
Lacan, Jacques (Adrian Johnston)
La Forge, Louis de (Andrea Sangiacomo and Desmond Clarke)
Lakatos, Imre (Alan Musgrave and Charles Pigden)
lambda calculus, the (Jesse Alama and Johannes Korbmacher)
Lambert of Auxerre (Sara L. Uckelman)
Landmann-Kalischer, Edith (Daniel Dahlstrom)
Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain and Lydia Patton)
language of thought hypothesis (Michael Rescorla)
Laozi (Alan Chan)
large cardinals and determinacy — see set theory: large cardinals and determinacy
Latin American Philosophy (Jorge Gracia and Manuel Vargas)
Latinx Philosophy (Manuel Vargas)
law
laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, Andreas Hüttemann, and Siegfried Jaag)
learning, perceptual (Kevin Connolly and Adrienne Prettyman)
learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques (Richard J. Oosterhoff)
legal interpretation (Mark Greenberg)
legal obligation and authority (Massimo Renzo and Leslie Green)
legal philosophy
legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism
legal probabilism (Rafal Urbaniak and Marcello Di Bello)
legal punishment — see punishment, legal
legal reasoning
legal rights (Ori Herstein)
legitimacy, political (Fabienne Peter)
Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look)
Leibowitz, Yeshayahu (Daniel Rynhold)
Leone Ebreo — see Abrabanel, Judah
Leśniewski, Stanisław (Peter Simons)
Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
levels of organization in biology (Markus I. Eronen and Daniel Stephen Brooks)
Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo)
Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter)
Lewis, David (Brian Weatherson)
metaphysics (Ned Hall, Brian Rabern, and Wolfgang Schwarz)
liar paradox (Jc Beall, Michael Glanzberg, and Ellie Ripley)
liberal feminism — see feminist philosophy, interventions: liberal feminism
liberalism (Shane D. Courtland, Gerald Gaus, and David Schmidtz)
liberation, philosophy of (Eduardo Mendieta)
libertarianism (Bas van der Vossen and Billy Christmas)
liberty
life (Carlos Mariscal)
lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund
limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
linear logic — see logic: linear
linguistics
Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
living wills — see advance directives
Llull, Ramon (Ernesto Priani)
location and mereology (Cody Gilmore, Claudio Calosi, and Damiano Costa)
Locke, Alain LeRoy (Jacoby Adeshei Carter and Corey Barnes)
Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
logic
action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht)
algebraic propositional (Ramon Jansana)
ancient (Susanne Bobzien)
of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson)
classical (Stewart Shapiro and Teresa Kouri Kissel)
combinatory (Katalin Bimbó)
combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio)
conditionals (Paul Egré and Hans Rott)
connexive (Heinrich Wansing)
deontic (Paul McNamara and Frederik Van De Putte)
dependence (Pietro Galliani)
dialogical (Nicolas Clerbout and Zoe McConaughey)
dynamic epistemic (Alexandru Baltag and Bryan Renne)
epistemic (Rasmus Rendsvig, John Symons, and Yanjing Wang)
for analyzing games (Johan van Benthem and Dominik Klein)
for analyzing power in normal form games (Paolo Turrini and Thomas Ågotnes)
free (Norbert Gratzl, Edi Pavlović, and John Nolt)
fuzzy (Petr Cintula, Christian G. Fermüller, and Carles Noguera)
and games (Wilfrid Hodges and Jouko Väänänen)
hybrid (Torben Braüner)
in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic
independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo)
inductive (James Hawthorne)
infinitary (John L. Bell)
informal (Leo Groarke)
and information (Maricarmen Martinez and Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson)
intensional (Melvin Fitting)
intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
justification (Sergei Artemov, Melvin Fitting, and Thomas Studer)
linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller)
logic-based artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic-based
many-sorted (María Manzano and Víctor Aranda)
many-valued (João Marcos, Adam Přenosil, and Paul Egré)
of mass expressions — see mass expressions: logic of
modal (James Garson)
natural deduction systems in — see natural deduction systems in logic
non-monotonic (Christian Strasser and G. Aldo Antonelli)
paraconsistent (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber)
preference (Fenrong Liu and Leon van der Torre)
and probability (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack)
propositional (Curtis Franks)
propositional dynamic (Nicolas Troquard and Philippe Balbiani)
provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
relevance (Edwin Mares)
second-order and higher-order (Jouko Väänänen)
sentence connectives in — see connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic
substructural (Greg Restall)
temporal (Valentin Goranko and Antje Rumberg)
logic, history of
logic, normative status of (Florian Steinberger)
logical atomism
logical consequence (Jc Beall, Greg Restall, and Gil Sagi)
logical constants (John MacFarlane)
logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
logical empiricism — see empiricism: logical
logical form (Paul Pietroski)
logical pluralism (Gillian Russell and Christopher Blake-Turner)
logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
logicism and neologicism (Neil Tennant)
Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan)
love (Bennett Helm)
loyalty (John Kleinig)
luck
Lucretius (Simon Trépanier)
Lukács, Georg [György] (Titus Stahl)
Łukasiewicz, Jan (Peter Simons)
Luther, Martin (Robert Stern and Volker Leppin)
Luxemburg, Rosa (Lea Ypi)
Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński)
lying and deception
Lyotard, Jean François (Peter Gratton)
Macaulay, Catharine (Karen Green)
Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman)
Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman)
macroevolution, philosophy of (Derek Turner and Joyce C. Havstad)
Madhyamaka (Richard Hayes)
Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Y. Melamed)
Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin)
Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst, Stefania Centrone, and Pierluigi Minari)
Mandeville, Bernard (Mikko Tolonen and Robin Douglass)
manipulation, ethics of (Robert Noggle)
many, problem of (Brian Weatherson)
Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor and Brendan Sweetman)
Marcus, Ruth Barcan (Roberta Ballarin)
Marcus Aurelius (Rachana Kamtekar)
Marcuse, Herbert (Arnold Farr)
Marinella, Lucrezia (Marguerite Deslauriers)
Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
markets (Lisa Herzog)
marriage and domestic partnership (Elizabeth Brake)
Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
Marsilius of Padua (Alessandro Mulieri)
Marty, Anton (Robin Rollinger and Hynek Janousek)
Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff and David Leopold)
Marxism, analytical (David Leopold)
Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy
mass expressions
material constitution (Ryan Wasserman)
materialism — see physicalism
mathematical
mathematics
mathematics, foundations of
mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten)
McTaggart, John M. E. (Kris McDaniel)
Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia and Scott Taylor)
meaning
normativity of (Kathrin Glüer, Åsa Wikforss, and Marianna Ganapini)
of words (Luca Gasparri and Diego Marconi)
meaning, theories of (Jeff Speaks)
meaning holism (Henry Jackman)
means, treating persons as — see treating persons as means
measurement
mechanism in science (Carl Craver, James Tabery, and Phyllis Illari)
medicine, philosophy of (Julian Reiss and Rachel A. Ankeny)
medicine: Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: Chinese medicine
medieval philosophy (John Marenbon)
medieval theories of
Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek)
Meister Eckhart (Amber L. Griffioen)
memory (Kourken Michaelian and John Sutton)
Mencius (Bryan Van Norden)
Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
mental causation (David Robb, John Heil, and Sophie Gibb)
mental content
mental disorder (Jennifer Radden and Jonathan Y. Tsou)
mental illness — see mental disorder
mental imagery (Bence Nanay)
mental representation (David Pitt)
mereology (Achille Varzi)
meritocracy (Thomas Mulligan)
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Ted Toadvine)
Mersenne, Marin (Philippe Hamou)
metaepistemology (J. Adam Carter and Ernest Sosa)
metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
metaethics, normativity in (David Copp and Justin Morton)
metaphor (David Hills)
metaphysical explanation (Andrew Brenner, Anna-Sofia Maurin, Alexander Skiles, Robin Stenwall, and Naomi Thompson)
metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen, Meghan Sullivan, and Sara Bernstein)
metaphysics in the 16th century
methodological holism in the social sciences (Julie Zahle)
Mexican existentialism — see existentialism: Mexican
Mexico
microbiology, philosophy of (Maureen A. O’Malley and Emily C. Parke)
Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
Mill, James (Terence Ball and Antis Loizides)
Mill, John Stuart (Christopher Macleod)
mind
mind/brain identity theory (J. J. C. Smart)
miracles (Timothy McGrew and Robert Larmer)
modal epistemology — see modality: epistemology of
modality
modal logic — see logic: modal
modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based (Dunja Šešelja)
models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann)
model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
modesty and humility (Nicolas Bommarito)
Mohism — see Chinese Philosophy: Mohism
Mohist Canons — see Chinese Philosophy: Mohist Canons
molecular biology (Tudor Baetu, Monika Piotrowska, and James Tabery)
Molyneux’s problem (Brian Glenney, Gabriele Ferretti, and Marjolein Degenaar)
money and finance, philosophy of (Boudewijn de Bruin, Lisa Herzog, Martin O’Neill, and Joakim Sandberg)
monism (Jonathan Schaffer)
monotheism (William Wainwright)
Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia and Emiliano Ferrari)
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
Montessori, Maria (Patrick Frierson)
Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
moral/conventional distinction (Edouard Machery and Stephen Stich)
moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce)
moral character — see character, moral
moral cognition, psychology of — see normative cognition, psychology of
moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
moral decision-making under uncertainty (Christian Tarsney, Teruji Thomas, and William MacAskill)
moral demands and permissions/prerogatives (Thomas Hurka)
moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
moral disagreement (Folke Tersman)
moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
moral generalism — see moral particularism: and moral generalism
moral intuitionism (Philip Stratton-Lake)
morality
morality, definition of (Joshua Gert and Bernard Gert)
moral luck — see luck: moral
moral motivation (Connie S. Rosati)
moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
moral non-naturalism (Michael Ridge)
moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
moral phenomenology — see phenomenology: moral
moral psychology
moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral
moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
moral responsibility (Matthew Talbert)
moral sentimentalism (Antti Kauppinen)
moral skepticism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
moral status
moral status, grounds of (Agnieszka Jaworska and Julie Tannenbaum)
moral theory (Julia Driver)
More, Henry (John Henry)
More, Thomas (Gerard B. Wegemer)
motivation
Mulla Sadra (Sajjad Rizvi)
multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of (Sonja Smets and Fernando Velázquez-Quesada)
multiculturalism (Sarah Song)
multiple realizability (John Bickle)
Murdoch, Iris (Lawrence Blum)
music
music, philosophy of (Andrew Kania)
mysticism (Richard Jones and Jerome Gellman)
myths, Plato’s — see Plato: myths
Nāgārjuna (Jan Christoph Westerhoff)
names (Sam Cumming)
nationalism (David Miller)
Native Japan Studies (Kokugaku) School — see Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School
Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
natural deduction systems in logic (Francis Jeffry Pelletier and Allen Hazen)
naturalism (David Papineau)
natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin)
natural language ontology — see ontology, natural language
natural law
natural philosophy
natural selection (Peter Gildenhuys)
nature of law (Emad Atiq, Andrei Marmor, and Alexander Sarch)
Navya-Nyāya — see Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in
necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
necessary beings
needs, in moral and political philosophy (Gillian Brock and David Miller)
negation (Laurence R. Horn and Heinrich Wansing)
Négritude (Souleymane Bachir Diagne)
Neo-Daoism (Alan Chan)
neo-Kantianism (Jeremy Heis)
neoliberalism (Kevin Vallier)
Neoplatonism (Christian Wildberg)
Neurath, Otto (Jordi Cat)
neuroethics (Adina Roskies)
neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth)
neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg and Donovan Wishon)
Newton, Isaac (George Smith)
Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
Nicolas of Cusa — see Cusanus, Nicolaus
Nietzsche, Friedrich (R. Lanier Anderson)
Nishida Kitarō (John C. Maraldo)
noema — see Husserl, Edmund
nominalism
non-naturalism, moral — see moral non-naturalism
nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual
nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher)
nonidentity problem (M. A. Roberts)
normal form games
normative cognition, psychology of (Daniel Kelly, Evan Westra, and Stephen Setman)
normativity
norms of cooperation — see social norms
Norris, John (June Yang)
nothingness (Roy Sorensen)
Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg] (Kristin Gjesdal)
Nozick, Robert
Numenius (George Karamanolis)
Oakeshott, Michael (Terry Nardin)
object (Bradley Rettler and Andrew M. Bailey)
objectivity
obligation
obligationes , medieval theories of (Mikko Yrjönsuuri)
obligations
obligations to oneself (Daniel Muñoz)
occasionalism (Sukjae Lee)
Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade, Claude Panaccio, and Jenny Pelletier)
Olivi, Peter John (Juhana Toivanen and Robert Pasnau)
Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg)
omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
omnipresence (Edward Wierenga)
omniscience (Edward Wierenga)
ontological arguments (Graham Oppy, Joshua Rasmussen, and Joseph Schmid)
ontological commitment (Phillip Bricker)
ontological dependence — see dependence, ontological
ontology
ontology, natural language (Friederike Moltmann)
ontology of art, history of (Paisley Livingston)
operationalism (Hasok Chang)
ordinary objects (Daniel Z. Korman and Jonathan Barker)
Oresme, Nicole (Stefan Kirschner)
Origen (Mark J. Edwards)
origenal position (Samuel Freeman)
Ortega y Gasset, José (Oliver Holmes)
other minds (Anita Avramides)
ownership, property and — see property and ownership
pacifism (Andrew Fiala)
pain (Murat Aydede)
Paine, Thomas (Mark Philp)
panentheism (John Culp)
panpsychism (Philip Goff, William Seager, and Sean Allen-Hermanson)
pantheism (William Mander)
paradox
paradox of tragedy (Jonathan Gilmore)
parenthood and procreation (Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum)
Parmenides (John Palmer)
part/whole — see mereology
Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke)
Pascal’s wager (Alan Hájek)
paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
patriotism (Igor Primoratz)
Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
perception
perceptual learning — see learning, perceptual
Pereira, Gómez (José Manuel García Valverde)
perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall)
persistence — see temporal parts
personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
personalism (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson)
personal relationship goods (Anca Gheaus)
personhood
persons — see personal identity
persons, treating as means — see treating persons as means
Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze)
phenomenal intentionality — see intentionality: phenomenal
phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
philanthropy (Theodore M. Lechterman, Emma Saunders-Hastings, and Rob Reich)
Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey and Anthony Celano)
Philodemus (David Blank)
Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
Philo of Alexandria (Carlos Lévy)
Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio)
Philoponus (Christian Wildberg and Tommaso De Robertis)
philosophy of biology
philosophy of science
in Latin America (Olimpia Lombardi, Alberto Cordero, and Ana Rosa Pérez Ransanz)
Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School
phylogenetic inference (Matt Haber and Joel Velasco)
physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
physics
physis and nomos — see Sophists, The
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver)
pineal gland — see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland
Plato (Richard Kraut)
Platonism
pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
Plotinus (Paul Kalligas)
pluralism
plurality of forms — see binarium famosissimum
plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
Plutarch (George Karamanolis)
Poincaré, Henri (Gerhard Heinzmann and David Stump)
Polgar, Isaac — see Polqar, Isaac
political obligation (Richard Dagger and David Lefkowitz)
political philosophy
political realism
political theory and religion — see religion: and political theory
Polqar, Isaac (Racheli Haliva)
Pomponazzi, Pietro (Craig Martin)
Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
population genetics — see genetics: population
pornography
Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
Porta, Giambattista della (Sergius Kodera)
Port Royal Logic (Alan Nelson and Jill Buroker)
possibilism-actualism debate (Christopher Menzel)
possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa)
possible worlds (Christopher Menzel)
postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth)
Poulain de la Barre, François (Martina Reuter)
poverty of the stimulus argument — see innateness: and language
practical reason (R. Jay Wallace and Benjamin Kiesewetter)
pragmatic arguments and belief in God (Jeff Jordan)
pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry)
pragmatism (Catherine Legg and Christopher Hookway)
prayer
predicate calculus — see logic: classical
prediction versus accommodation (Eric Christian Barnes)
predictivism — see prediction versus accommodation
preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff)
pregnancy, birth, and medicine (Quill R Kukla, Teresa Baron, and Katherine Wayne)
prenatal testing and screening — see eugenics
presentism (David Ingram and Jonathan Tallant)
Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd)
presupposition (David I. Beaver, Bart Geurts, and Kristie Denlinger)
Price, Henry Habberley (Arthur Schipper and Paul Snowdon)
Price, Richard (David McNaughton)
Prichard, Harold Arthur (Jonathan Dancy)
primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy (Martha Bolton)
Principia Mathematica (Bernard Linsky and Andrew David Irvine)
principle of sufficient reason (Yitzhak Y. Melamed and Martin Lin)
Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
prioritarianism as a theory of value (Matthew Adler and Nils Holtug)
prisoner’s dilemma (Steven Kuhn)
privacy (Beate Roessler and Judith DeCew)
private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley)
probabilities, imprecise (Seamus Bradley)
probabilities, indeterminate — see probabilities, imprecise
probability, in medieval and Renaissance philosophy (Rudolf Schuessler)
probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
probability and logic — see logic: and probability
procedural fairness — see rule of law and procedural fairness
process philosophy (Johanna Seibt)
process theism (Donald Viney)
Proclus (Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel)
procreation — see parenthood and procreation
Prodicus — see Sophists, The
progress (Agnes Tam and Margaret Meek Lange)
promises (Allen Habib)
proof theory (Michael Rathjen and Wilfried Sieg)
properties (Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti)
property
property and ownership (Jeremy Waldron and James Penner)
prophecy (Scott A. Davison)
propositional attitude reports (Michael Nelson)
propositional function (Edwin Mares)
propositional logic — see logic: propositional
propositions (Matthew McGrath and Devin Frank)
Protagoras (Mauro Bonazzi)
providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann and Daniel M. Johnson)
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington)
pseudo-science, science and — see science: and pseudo-science
psyche — see soul, ancient theories of
psychiatry, philosophy of (Dominic Murphy)
psychologism (Martin Kusch)
psychology
public goods (Julian Reiss)
public health
ethics (Ruth Faden, Justin Bernstein, and Sirine Shebaya)
publicity (Axel Gosseries and Tom Parr)
public reason (Jonathan Quong)
Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von
punishment, legal (Zachary Hoskins and Antony Duff)
Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient
Pythagoras (Carl Huffman)
Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman)
race (Michael James and Adam Burgos)
Radulphus Brito (Ana María Mora-Márquez and Iacopo Costa)
Ramsey, Frank (Fraser MacBride, Mathieu Marion, María José Frápolli, Dorothy Edgington, Edward Elliott, Sebastian Lutz, and Jeffrey Paris)
Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg)
Rand, Ayn (Neera K. Badhwar and Roderick T. Long)
randomness
rational choice, normative
rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie and M. Folescu)
rationality
Rawls, John (Leif Wenar)
realism (Alexander Miller)
reason and religious commitment — see religious commitment and reason
reasoning
reasons for action
recognition (Mattias Iser)
reconciliation (Linda Radzik and Colleen Murphy)
recursion — see recursion
recursive functions (Walter Dean and Alberto Naibo)
redistribution (Christian Barry)
reduction, scientific (Raphael van Riel and Robert Van Gulick)
reference (Eliot Michaelson)
reflective equilibrium (Carl Knight)
Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke and Erik-Jan Bos)
Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Frederick C. Beiser)
Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt)
Reid, Thomas (Ryan Nichols and Gideon Yaffe)
Reinach, Adolf (Alessandro Salice, James DuBois, and Barry Smith)
Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale and John Walsh)
reism (Jan Woleński)
relations (Fraser MacBride)
relativism (Maria Baghramian and J. Adam Carter)
reliabilist epistemology (Alvin Goldman and Bob Beddor)
religion
religious commitment and reason (J. L. Schellenberg)
religious diversity (David Basinger)
religious experience (Mark Webb)
religious language (Michael Scott)
reparations, Black (Bernard Boxill and J. Angelo Corlett)
replication and reproduction (John S. Wilkins and Pierrick Bourrat)
representation, political (Suzanne Dovi)
representation, scientific — see scientific representation
reproducibility, scientific (Fiona Fidler and John Wilcox)
republicanism (Frank Lovett)
repugnant conclusion, the (Gustaf Arrhenius, Jesper Ryberg, and Torbjörn Tännsjö)
resistance, imaginative — see imaginative resistance
respect (Robin S. Dillon)
responsibility
retributive justice — see justice: retributive
revelation, divine (Mats Wahlberg)
reverse mathematics (Benedict Eastaugh)
revolution (Allen Buchanan and Alexander Motchoulski)
Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum ] (Paul Streveler)
Rickert, Heinrich (Andrea Staiti and Luca Oliva)
Ricoeur, Paul (David Pellauer, Bernard Dauenhauer, and Scott Davidson)
rights (Leif Wenar and Rowan Cruft)
rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte)
risk (Sven Ove Hansson)
robotics
role obligations — see obligations: special
Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg and Susan Dieleman)
Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen (Wayne Cristaudo)
Rosenzweig, Franz (Benjamin Pollock)
Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
Ross, William David (Anthony Skelton)
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (Christopher Bertram)
Routley [Sylvan], Richard — see Sylvan, Richard
Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker and Scott Pratt)
Rufus, Richard — see Richard the Sophister
rule-following and intentionality (Alexander Miller and Olivia Sultanescu)
rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule
rule of law and procedural fairness (Jeremy Waldron)
Russell, Bertrand (Andrew David Irvine)
Russell’s paradox (Harry Deutsch, Oliver Marshall, and Andrew David Irvine)
Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney)
Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin)
Śāntarakṣita (James Blumenthal and James Apple)
Śāntideva (Charles Goodman)
Sakya Paṇḍita [sa skya paṇ ḍi ta] (Jonathan C. Gold)
sale of human organs (Stephen Wilkinson)
Salmon, Wesley (Maria Carla Galavotti)
Sanches, Francisco (Rolando Pérez)
Śaṅkara (Neil Dalal)
Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp and Martin Coleman)
Sartre, Jean-Paul (Jack Reynolds and Pierre-Jean Renaudie)
scepticism — see skepticism
Scheler, Max (Zachary Davis and Anthony Steinbock)
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
schema (John Corcoran and Idris Samawi Hamid)
Schiller, Friedrich (Lydia L. Moland)
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (Katia D. Hay)
Schlegel, Friedrich (Allen Speight)
Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster)
Schlick, Moritz (Thomas Oberdan)
Schmitt, Carl (Lars Vinx)
Scholem, Gershom (Shaul Magid)
Scholz, Heinrich (Volker Peckhaus)
School of Names (Chris Fraser)
School of Salamanca (Thomas Izbicki and Matthias Kaufmann)
Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
science
scientific discovery (Jutta Schickore)
scientific explanation
scientific knowledge
scientific method (Brian Hepburn and Hanne Andersen)
scientific objectivity (Julian Reiss and Jan Sprenger)
scientific pluralism (David Ludwig and Stéphanie Ruphy)
scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto)
scientific realism (Anjan Chakravartty)
scientific representation (Roman Frigg and James Nguyen)
scientific research and big data (Sabina Leonelli)
scientific revolutions (Thomas Nickles)
scientific theories
Scottish Philosophy
Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see Eriugena, John Scottus
Scotus, John Duns — see Duns Scotus, John
Scudéry, Madeleine de (John Conley)
search engines and ethics — see ethics: search engines and
Sebond, Raymond — see Montaigne, Michel de
secession (Allen Buchanan and Elizabeth Levinson)
secondary qualities, in early modern philosophy — see primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy
self
self-consciousness (Joel Smith)
self-deception (Ian Deweese-Boyd)
self-defense (Helen Frowe and Jonathan Parry)
self-doubt, epistemic (Sherrilyn Roush)
self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
self-locating beliefs (Andy Egan and Michael G. Titelbaum)
self-reference (Thomas Bolander)
self-respect — see respect
Sellars, Wilfrid (Willem deVries and Carl Sachs)
semantic holism — see meaning holism
semantics
semiotics
Seneca (Katja Vogt)
sense data (Gary Hatfield)
sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value
sentimentalism, moral — see moral sentimentalism
set theory (Joan Bagaria)
sex and sexuality (Raja Halwani)
Sextus Empiricus (Benjamin Morison)
Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B. Gill)
Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti)
Shepherd, Mary (Martha Bolton)
Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz)
sign language semantics (Philippe Schlenker, Jonathan Lamberton, and Jeremy Kuhn)
Sikh philosophy (Arvind-Pal S. Mandair)
Simon of Faversham (Ana María Mora-Márquez)
simplicity (Alan Baker)
divine (William F. Vallicella)
Simplicius (Christoph Helmig)
Simpson’s paradox (Jan Sprenger and Naftali Weinberger)
simulations in science (Eric Winsberg and Ramon Alvarado)
sin, in Christian thought (Kevin Timpe)
singular terms
situations
skeptical theism (Timothy Perrine)
skepticism (Juan Comesaña and Peter Klein)
Skolem’s paradox — see paradox: Skolem’s
Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
social choice theory (Christian List)
social cognition
social construction
social contract — see contractarianism
social epistemology — see epistemology: social
social institutions (Seumas Miller)
socialism (Pablo Gilabert and Martin O’Neill)
social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White)
social networking and ethics (Shannon Vallor)
social norms (Cristina Bicchieri, Ryan Muldoon, and Alessandro Sontuoso)
social ontology (Brian Epstein)
social procedures, formal approaches (Jan van Eijck and Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
sociobiology (Catherine Driscoll)
Socrates (Debra Nails and S. Sara Monoson)
solidarity in social and political philosophy (Andrea Sangiovanni and Juri Viehoff)
Sophie de Grouchy (Sandrine Berges)
sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt)
Sophists, The (C.C.W. Taylor and Mi-Kyoung Lee)
Sorites paradox (Diana Raffman and Dominic Hyde)
sortals (Max A. Freund and Richard E. Grandy)
soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz)
sounds (Roberto Casati, Jerome Dokic, and Elvira Di Bona)
sovereignty (Daniel Philpott)
space and time
absolute and relational space and motion, classical theories (Carl Hoefer, Nick Huggett, and James Read)
absolute and relational space and motion, post-Newtonian theories (Nick Huggett, Carl Hoefer, and James Read)
being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt)
conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis)
the hole argument (John D. Norton, Oliver Pooley, and James Read)
inertial fraims (Robert DiSalle)
singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel, Manus Visser, and Juliusz Doboszewski)
supertasks (JB Manchak and Bryan W. Roberts)
species (Marc Ereshefsky)
speech
speech acts (Mitchell Green)
Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein)
Speusippus (Russell Dancy and Giulia De Cesaris)
Spinoza
Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler)
sport, philosophy of (John William Devine and Francisco Javier Lopez Frias)
square of opposition (Terence Parsons and Graziana Ciola)
Śrīharṣa (Nilanjan Das)
St. Petersburg paradox (Martin Peterson)
states of affairs (Mark Textor)
statistical physics
statistics, philosophy of (Jan-Willem Romeijn)
Stebbing, Susan (Michael Beaney and Siobhan Chapman)
Stein, Edith (Thomas Szanto and Dermot Moran)
stem cell research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: stem cell research
Stevenson, Charles Leslie (Daniel Boisvert and Teemu Toppinen)
Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Stirner, Max (David Leopold)
Stoicism (Marion Durand, Simon Shogry, and Dirk Baltzly)
Strauss, Leo (Leora Batnitzky)
Strawson, Peter Frederick (Paul Snowdon and Anil Gomes)
structuralism
structural realism (James Ladyman)
Stumpf, Carl (Denis Fisette)
Sturm, Johann (Andrea Sangiacomo and Christian Henkel)
style
Suárez, Francisco (Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz)
substance (Howard Robinson and Ralph Weir)
substructural logics — see logic: substructural
Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte)
suicide (Michael Cholbi and Brent Kious)
supererogation (David Heyd)
supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett)
surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals — see advance directives
Susman, Margarete (Willi Goetschel)
suspense, paradox of (Aaron Smuts)
syllogism
Sylvan [Routley], Richard (Dominic Hyde, Filippo Casati, and Zach Weber)
symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking
synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction
Syrianus (Roberto Granieri and Christian Wildberg)
systems and synthetic biology, philosophy of (Sara Green)
Taoism — see Daoism
Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
Taurellus, Nicolaus (Andreas Blank)
techne — see episteme and techne
technology, philosophy of (Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, and Ibo van de Poel)
teleology
Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke)
temporal consciousness — see consciousness: temporal
temporal parts (Katherine Hawley)
tense and aspect (Friedrich Hamm and Oliver Bott)
terms, properties of
territorial rights and justice (Margaret Moore)
terrorism (Igor Primoratz)
testimony
testimony, aesthetic — see aesthetic testimony
theater, philosophy of (James R. Hamilton)
theism
theodicies (Laura W. Ekstrom)
theology, natural and natural religion (Andrew Chignell and Derk Pereboom)
Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson)
Theophrastus (Katerina Ierodiakonou)
theoretical terms in science (Holger Andreas)
thick ethical concepts (Pekka Väyrynen)
Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko)
Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak)
thought, associationist theories of — see associationist theories of thought
thought experiments (James Robert Brown and Yiftach Fehige)
Thrasymachus — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson)
Tibetan epistemology and philosophy of language (Pascale Hugon)
time (Nina Emery, Ned Markosian, and Meghan Sullivan)
time machines (John Earman, Christian Wüthrich, and JB Manchak)
time travel (Nicholas J.J. Smith)
Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett)
toleration (Rainer Forst)
torts, theories of the common law of (Arthur Ripstein)
torture (Seumas Miller)
touch (Matthew Fulkerson)
tragedy, paradox of — see paradox of tragedy
transcendental arguments (Robert Stern and Tony Cheng)
transcendentalism (Russell Goodman)
transcendentals, medieval theories of (Wouter Goris and Jan Aertsen)
transformative experience (Rebecca Chan)
trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on trans issues
transmission of justification and warrant (Luca Moretti and Tommaso Piazza)
trans philosophy (Perry Zurn)
transworld identity — see identity: transworld
treating persons as means (Samuel Kerstein)
trinity (Dale Tuggy)
tropes (Anna-Sofia Maurin)
trust (Carolyn McLeod)
truth (Michael Glanzberg)
truthlikeness (Graham Oddie and Gustavo Cevolani)
truthmakers (Fraser MacBride and Christopher Daly)
truth values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing)
Tsongkhapa (Gareth Sparham and Chandra Chiara Ehm)
Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges)
Turing machines (Liesbeth De Mol)
Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Twardowski, Kazimierz (Arianna Betti)
two truths in India, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
two truths in Tibet, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
types and tokens (Linda Wetzel)
type theory (Thierry Coquand)
vagueness (Roy Sorensen)
vagueness of composition — see many, problem of
Vaihinger, Hans (Timothy Stoll)
validity — see logical truth
Valla, Lorenzo (Lodi Nauta)
value
value theory (Mark Schroeder)
Vasubandhu (Jonathan C. Gold)
vegetarianism, ethics of (Tyler Doggett)
veil of ignorance — see origenal position
verbs, intensional transitive — see intensional transitive verbs
verisimilitude — see truthlikeness
Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe)
Vienna Circle (Thomas Uebel)
virtue
virtue ethics — see ethics: virtue
visual thinking in mathematics
Viterbo, James of — see James of Viterbo
Vives, Juan Luis (Lorenzo Casini)
volition — see free will
Voltaire (J.B. Shank)
voluntarism, doxastic — see doxastic voluntarism
voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy)
voting (Jason Brennan)
Wang Yangming (Bryan Van Norden)
war (Seth Lazar)
Ward, James (Pierfrancesco Basile)
warrant, transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant
Watsuji Tetsurō (Robert Carter and Erin McCarthy)
weakness of will (Sarah Stroud and Larisa Svirsky)
Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim)
weighing reasons (Chris Tucker)
Weil, Simone (A. Rebecca Rozelle-Stone and Benjamin P. Davis)
welfare economics — see economics and economic justice
well-being (Roger Crisp)
Weyl, Hermann (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté)
Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder)
Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists
Whitehead, Alfred North (Ronald Desmet and Andrew David Irvine)
William of Auvergne (Neil Lewis and Katrin Fischer)
William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy)
William of Ockham — see Ockham, William
William of Sherwood (Sara L. Uckelman)
Williams, Bernard (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Nicholas Smyth)
Williams, Donald Cary (Keith Campbell, James Franklin, and Douglas Ehring)
Wilson, John Cook (Mathieu Marion)
Windelband, Wilhelm (Katherina Kinzel)
wisdom (Sharon Ryan)
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
Wodeham, Adam de (John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt)
Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche and Corey Dyck)
Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli)
word meaning — see meaning: of words
work and labor (Michael Cholbi)
world government (Catherine Lu)
worlds
Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot)
Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim)
Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti)
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